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Pharmacokinetics of a novel, approved, 1.4-mg intranasal naloxone formulation for reversal of opioid overdose—a randomized controlled trial

Skulberg, Arne Kristian; Åsberg, Anders; Zare, Hasse Khiabani; Røstad, Hilde; Tylleskär, Ida; Dale, Ola
Journal article; SubmittedVersion
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add.14552.pdf (332.2Kb)
Year
2019
Permanent link
http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-78384

CRIStin
1690749

Metadata
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  • Farmasøytisk institutt [1364]
  • CRIStin høstingsarkiv [15984]
Original version
Addiction. 2019, 114 (5), 859-867, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14552
Abstract
Background and aims

Intranasal (i.n.) naloxone is an established treatment for opioid overdose. Anyone likely to witness an overdose should have access to the antidote. We aimed to determine whether an i.n. formulation delivering 1.4 mg naloxone hydrochloride would achieve systemic exposure comparable to that of 0.8 mg intramuscular (i.m.) naloxone.

Design

Open, randomized four‐way cross‐over trial.

Setting

Clinical Trials Units in St Olav's Hospital, Trondheim and Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.

Participants

Twenty‐two healthy human volunteers, 10 women, median age = 25.8 years.

Intervention and comparator

One and two doses of i.n. 1.4 mg naloxone compared with i.m. 0.8 mg and intravenous (i.v.) 0.4 mg naloxone.

Measurements

Quantification of plasma naloxone was performed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic non‐compartment analyses were used for the main analyses. A non‐parametric pharmacokinetic population model was developed for Monte Carlo simulations of different dosing scenarios.

Findings

Area under the curve from administration to last measured concentration (AUC0‐last) for i.n. 1.4 mg and i.m. 0.8 mg were 2.62 ± 0.94 and 3.09 ± 0.64 h × ng/ml, respectively (P = 0.33). Maximum concentration (Cmax) was 2.36 ± 0.68 ng/ml for i.n. 1.4 mg and 3.73 ± 3.34 for i.m. 0.8 mg (P = 0.72). Two i.n. doses showed dose linearity and achieved a Cmax of 4.18 ± 1.53 ng/ml. Tmax was reached after 20.2 ± 9.4 minutes for i.n. 1.4 mg and 13.6 ± 15.4 minutes for i.m. 0.8 mg (P = 0.098). The absolute bioavailability for i.n. 1.4 mg was 0.49 (±0.24), while the relative i.n./i.m. bioavailability was 0.52 (±0.25).

Conclusion

Intranasal 1.4 mg naloxone provides adequate systemic concentrations to treat opioid overdose compared with intramuscular 0.8 mg, without statistical difference on maximum plasma concentration, time to maximum plasma concentration or area under the curve. Simulations support its appropriateness both as peer administered antidote and for titration of treatment by professionals.
 
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