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Now showing items 2001-2100 of 4583
(Doctoral thesis / Doktoravhandling, 2019)
This thesis describes how the use of TIME, a multicomponent interdisciplinary approach, reduced agitation in residents with dementia living in nursing homes, with a possible reduction in other neuropsychiatric symptoms ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Objective. We explored associations between maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) status during pregnancy and gestational diabetes (GDM) and other measures of glucose metabolism. Methods. We analysed 25(OH)D at 15 and 28 ...
(Master thesis / Masteroppgave, 2013)
Formål og teoretisk forankring
På bakgrunn av mangelfull validering av kliniske tester ved kjeveleddsdysfunksjon (TMD), er det ønskelig å se hvor sensitive og spesifikke kliniske tester er til å fange opp hvorvidt det ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Artikkelen handler om hvordan EU over tid har fått økt kompetanse og myndighet i helsepolitikken, og hvordan denne utviklingen kan påvirke helsesystemer i Europa, inkludert det norske helsesystemet. For enkelthets skyld ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Moderne teknologi gir fantastiske muligheter for menneskelig formering. Mange som tidligere ikke kunne få barn, eller som fikk syke barn, kan nå hjelpes. Samtidig reiser mulighetene en rekke vanskelige moralske spørsmål, ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / SubmittedVersion, 2017)
According to the expressivist argument the choice to use biotechnologies to prevent the birth of individuals with specific disabilities is an expression of disvalue for existing people with this disability. The argument ...
Intensivavdelingen - et lærende fellesskap En kvalitativ studie om kunnskapsprosesser som inngår i sykepleierens daglige vurderinger på en intensivavdeling Restricted Access
(Master thesis / Masteroppgave, 2018)
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Summary
Background
Underweight, overweight, and obesity in childhood and adolescence are associated with adverse health consequences throughout the life-course. Our aim was to estimate worldwide trends in mean body-mass ...
(Master thesis / Masteroppgave, 2018)
Bakgrunn: Selv om det er skrevet mye om palliativ omsorg så er det mindre litteratur om hjemmedød og spesielt i forhold til hvilke faktorer som påvirker i positiv eller negativ retning Hensikt: Hensikten med studien var å ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2021)
Background
Circulatory
failure frequently occurs after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and is part of post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS). The aim of this study was to investigate circulatory ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Background: Socioeconomically disadvantaged groups tend to experience more harm from the same level of exposure to alcohol as advantaged groups. Alcohol has multiple biological effects on the cardiovascular system, both ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Background: Previous studies in Tanzania indicated that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) could be as high as 40%. We aim to provide data on the prevalence of HIV and ...
(Master thesis / Masteroppgave, 2015)
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
High quality care relies on interprofessional teamwork. We developed a short simulation-based course for final year medical, nursing and nursing anaesthesia students, using scenarios from emergency medicine. The aim of ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Background: As part of the Informed Health Choices project, we developed a podcast called The Health Choices Programme to help improve the ability of people to assess claims about the benefits and harms of treatments. We ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Introduction: Assessment of ethics issues is an important part of health technology assessments (HTA). However, in terms of existence of quality assessment tools, ethics for HTA is methodologically underdeveloped in ...
Strategisk tenking og strategiske valg i Synergi Helse AS 1997 - 2010 Restricted Access
(Master thesis / Masteroppgave, 2010)
Oppgaven belyser strategisk tenking i det kombinerte trening/livsstil - og bedriftshelsesegmentet av privat helsesektor, et område der det har vært relativt lite forskning av denne typen tidligere.
Oppgaven har tre ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / SubmittedVersion, 2017)
En studie om barn med dysmeli og deres erfaringer med fysisk aktivitet Restricted Access
(Master thesis / Masteroppgave, 2017)
(Master thesis / Masteroppgave, 2018)
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Introduction: Active travel is recommended and promoted to increase physical activity and reduce the risk of several non-communicable diseases. The health effects of active travel in populations of low socioeconomic status ...
(Master thesis / Masteroppgave, 2016)
Formål: Studiens formål var å undersøke pasienters erfaringer fra pasientforløpet ved hyperakutt reperfusjonsbehandling ved ischemisk hjerneslag fra den første kontakten med AMK, til ankomsten i mottak og frem til avsluttet ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Hepatitis B (HB) vaccination is the most effective way to prevent HB virus infection. While measures taken to control the prevalence of HB have achieved significant results, HB prevalence in rural China among adults remains ...
(Master thesis / Masteroppgave, 2013)
Formål: 1) Å utforske intensivsykepleieres vurdering av rutinemessige praksissituasjoners egnethet for besøk og deltakelse av nære pårørende.2) Beskrive og diskutere ulike aspekter ved gruppeinteraksjon i fokusgrupper.
...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / SubmittedVersion, 2017)
Objective The Norwegian Breast Cancer Screening Programme invites women aged 50-69 to biennial mammographic screening. Although 84% of invited women have attended at least once, attendance rates vary across the country. ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Objective: To explore general practitioners’ (GPs) views on leadership roles and leadership challenges in general practice and primary health care.
Design: We conducted focus groups (FGs) with 17 GPs.
Setting: Norwegian ...
(Master thesis / Masteroppgave, 2017)
Cost-Effectiveness of Top Down Compared to Step Up Treatment Approach to Crohn’s Disease in Norway Restricted Access
(Master thesis / Masteroppgave, 2019)
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Aim: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Surgery is seen as the only curative treatment. There are two approaches to liver resection: open or laparoscopic surgery. Knowledge from the patient ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Introduction
There is strong evidence that postpartum depression is associated with adverse health effects in the mother and infant. Few studies have explored associations between physical activity in pregnancy and ...
(Master thesis / Masteroppgave, 2019)
Bakgrunn og problemstilling: Antibiotikaresistente bakterier har fått økende fokus i smittevernsarbeidet de siste årene. I en studie publisert i juli i år antas det at innsatsen fra helsepersonellet på norske sykehus, i ...
(Master thesis / Masteroppgave, 2019)
Bakgrunn: Riktig rekvirering av laboratorieanalyser er viktig for diagnostikk og behandling av pasienter. Fra tidligere undersøkelser i Norge og utlandet vet man at både overrekvirering og underrekvirering forekommer ...
(Master thesis / Masteroppgave, 2019)
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2021)
Background
Post-stroke fatigue (PSF) is commonly reported and described as disabling by patients recovering from stroke. However, a major challenge is how to accurately diagnose and assess PSF. Therefore, ...
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / SubmittedVersion, 2019)
Silicon pixel detectors are at the core of the current and planned upgrade of the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. Given their close proximity to the interaction point, these detectors will be exposed to an unprecedented amount ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / SubmittedVersion, 2017)
Purpose: EU policy documents and health scholars point out that in order to understand the complexity of modern health systems, as well as to devise appropriate policy responses, considering micro, meso, and macro levels ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2022)
Background
Decision-making competence is a complex concept in the care for transgender and gender diverse adolescents, since this type of care concerns one’s developing gender identity and involves treatment ...
(Master thesis / Masteroppgave, 2020)
Sammendrag: Masteroppgaven består av to deler; en artikkel og en refleksjonsoppgave. Hensikt: Artikkelen undersøker betydningen kjønn og etnisitet har for sykepleierstudenters utdanningsmotivasjon og karriereforventninger. ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
Summary
In 50–79-year-olds who participated in the Tromsø Study (1994–1995), the risk of non-vertebral osteoporotic fractures during 15 years follow-up increased by 22% in men and 9% in women per 1 SD lower grip strength. ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / SubmittedVersion, 2019)
Coercion can cause harm to both the patient and the patient’s family. Few studies have examined how the coercive treatment of a close relative might affect young next-of-kin. Research questions: We aimed to investigate the ...
Ny ordning for spesialisering av allmennleger - hvordan forholder kommuner seg? En kvalitativ studie
(Master thesis / Masteroppgave, 2019)
Sammendrag Jeg ønsket å se nærmere på den nye ordningen for spesialisering av allmennleger i kommunene. Tidligere har fastlegene selv hatt ansvaret for å få gjennomført sin spesialisering i allmennmedisin. Fra 1. mars i ...
"Antibiotika-allergi, sa du...?!!?!" Ein kvalitativ studie av legar si handtering av pasientoppgitt antibiotika-allergi ved journalopptak. Restricted Access
(Master thesis / Masteroppgave, 2019)
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
Purpose
Harmful use of alcohol is a major public health problem. While harm is often researched in the context of heavy drinking episodes, high-frequency drinking, even when drinking moderate quantities, constitutes a ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Det finnes en lang rekke estetiske verk av svært ulik karakter med beskrivelser og fremstillinger av tuberkulose, som var svært utbredt i Europa på 1800-tallet og frem til medisinen oppdaget årsakene og kunne tilby ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Det følgende er et utdrag fra kapittelet "Kreft – eller spredningens logikk" i boken Sykdom som litteratur (Bondevik/Stene-Johansen 2011). Det er ett av bokens 13 kapitler som tar for seg hver sin medisinske diagnose og ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Reduction of salt intake is a public health priority and necessitates the surveillance of salt intake in the population. The validity of salt intake assessed by dietary surveys is generally low. We, therefore, aimed to ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Background
Recreational use of prescription drugs is widespread. We describe acute poisonings related to the recreational use of prescription drugs.
Methods
...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
Immune‐mediated bone loss significantly impacts fracture risk in patients with autoimmune disease, but to what extent individual variations in immune responses affect fracture risk on a population level is unknown. To ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
Background
The vast majority of hospital admitted patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) will have intracranial injury identified by neuroimaging, requiring qualified staff and hospital beds. Moreover, increased ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Background: There is much debate concerning the best way to deliver breech fetuses. October 2000 saw the publication of the results of the Term Breech Trial (TBT), which concluded that a planned caesarean section was the ...
(Master thesis / Masteroppgave, 2020)
Formålet med studien var å undersøke validitet og reliabilitet ved spørreskjemaet PROMIS-57 i norsk versjon i et utvalg av normalbefolkninger på n=408, samt undersøke egenskapene med metoder fra Item Response Theory og ...
(Master thesis / Masteroppgave, 2015)
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Background
An ethics reflection group (ERG) is one of a number of ethics support services developed to better handle ethical challenges in healthcare. The aim of this article is to evaluate the significance ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Objective: We aimed to assess and compare cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and predict the future risk of CVD among Somalis living in Norway and Somaliland. Method: We included participants (20–69 years) from two ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Stroke patients’ well-being is threatened after stroke. A psychosocial intervention was developed for Norwegian stroke patients living in the community. Eight individual sessions between people with stroke and a trained ...
(Master thesis / Masteroppgave, 2019)
A COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS OF RISK-BASED INTERVENTION FOR PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN IRAPEN PROGRAM: A MODELLING STUDY Restricted Access
(Master thesis / Masteroppgave, 2019)
Background: According to official data, 43% of deaths in Iran are related to cardiovascular diseases (CVD), perceived to be the main cause of Iranian deaths. In 2014, IraPEN program was launched to screen and offer primary ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Filosofi og etikk har fått en stadig større plass i det offentlige rom i Norge. 2017 ble et år der filosofer sørget for overskrifter i en rekke norske medier. En av sakene som fikk størst oppmerksomhet, var debatten om ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
The Norwegian healthcare coordination reform (Samhandlingsreformen) was implemented from January 1, 2012. In addition to providing municipalities with funding to strengthen their health infrastructure, it required ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Bakgrunn: Den økende andelen eldre i befolkningen legger press på de kommunale helse- og omsorgstjenestene. Innovative løsninger med bruk av velferdsteknologi er lansert som en vei til bærekraftige omsorgsløsninger for ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2021)
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Infant and childhood growth are dynamic processes with large changes in BMI during development. By performing genome-wide association studies of BMI at 12 time points from birth to eight years (9286 children, 74,105 ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Cancer patienthood and survivorship are often narrated as stories about hair and wigs. The following article examines cultural representations of cancer in mainstream memoirs, films, and on TV across Western European and ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Objectives: To describe the discharge process for patients with traumatic brain injury from a trauma hospital, and patient experience and satisfaction with care transition. Furthermore, to evaluate associations between ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Background and Aim: (e knowledge about the health status of Somalis in Norway and Somaliland is limited. (is paper reportsthe results of a comparative study on the prevalence and predictors of overweight/obesity among ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Background Survival rates of patients with cancer are increasing owing to improvements in diagnostics and therapies. The traditional hospital-based follow-up model faces challenges because of the consequent increasing ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
Background
Cardiac arrest is rare in pregnancy, and up-to date competence can be difficult to assess and maintain. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a questionnaire to assess healthcare personnel ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
Background
Treatment of rheumatic diseases in children often includes long-term needle injections, which represent a risk for refusing medication based on potential needle-fear. How nurses manage children’s ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Mortality following hospital treatment in Finland and Norway is similar for major diseases, with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) as an important exception. For ACS, the mortality is significantly higher in Finland than in ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Introduction
In 2015, there was an increase in the number of asylum seekers arriving in Europe. Like in other countries, deciding screening priorities for tuberculosis (TB) and meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Background
Migrants experience stress before, during and after migrating to a new country, all of which influences their mental wellbeing. In Norway, migration from Thailand is highly gendered as most Thai migrants are ...
(Master thesis / Masteroppgave, 2020)
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Background: Since the 1990s, evidence has accumulated of an increased prevalence of epilepsy in onchocerciasis-endemic areas in Africa as compared to onchocerciasis-free areas. Although the causal relationship between ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a single treatment session of acupuncture, when applied in addition to standard treatment for acute low back pain (ALBP), reduces the time to recovery compared with ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Objectives To compare the socioeconomic status (SES) and case-mix among day surgical patients treated at private for-profit hospitals (PFPs) and non-profit hospitals (NPs) in Norway, and to explore whether the use of PFPs ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Nordic twin studies have played a critical role in understanding cancer etiology and elucidating the nature of familial effects on site-specific cancers. The NorTwinCan consortium is a collaborative effort that capitalizes ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Aim
The aim of this study was to investigate health literacy in patients with chronic kidney disease in a multidimensional perspective.
Design
A descriptive, cross‐sectional study.
Methods
Patients with chronic ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Background:
Volar locking plates have permitted early mobilization, omitting the need for prolonged cast immobilization, after distal radial fractures (DRFs). However, the type of rehabilitation following plate fixation ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
Purpose
The role of diet in bladder carcinogenesis has yet to be established. To date most studies have investigated dietary components individually, rather than as dietary patterns, which may provide stronger evidence ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
From 2015, Norway has implemented high‐risk human papilloma virus (hrHPV) testing in primary screening for cervical cancer. Women aged 34–69 years, living in four counties, have been pseudo‐randomly assigned (1:1 randomization) ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Background
Poor cardiorespiratory fitness is previously reported in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) measured both by maximal and submaximal exercise tests, but a submaximal exercise test ...
Økonomisk besparelse ved bruk av off-label medikamentet Avastin Restricted Access
(Master thesis / Masteroppgave, 2019)
The health of migrating street-workers in Oslo Restricted Access
(Master thesis / Masteroppgave, 2018)
Since the expansion of the EU and the European economic crisis in the late-2000s, there has been a marked increase in the presence of migrating street-workers from Romania in Norway. Non-governmental organisations have ...
Følges nasjonale retningslinjer for rekvirering av vitamin D i Østfold? Restricted Access
(Master thesis / Masteroppgave, 2019)
Formålet med studiet var å undersøke hvorvidt de nasjonale retningslinjene for rekvirering av vitamin D ble fulgt i Østfold. Retningslinjene er hentet fra Nasjonal Veileder i Endokrinologi, kapittelet om vitamin D-mangel. ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Despite concerns about infection risks of floating tanks, outbreaks have rarely been reported. In May 2017, an outbreak of skin rash occurred among visitors of a floating tank open for the public in Norway. We assessed the ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Background
The public’s attitudes to conscientious objection (CO) are likely to influence political decisions about CO and trust towards healthcare systems and providers. Few studies examine the public’s attitudes in ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
Background
Insight into family empowerment is important in order to develop and offer services that support and strengthen parents caring for a child with disability. The aims of this study were to describe empowerment ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
Background
Reducing involuntary psychiatric admissions has been on the international human rights and health policy agenda for years. Despite the last decades’ shift towards more services for adults with severe mental ...
Use of social media for communicating about critical care topics: A Norwegian cross-sectional survey
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Background
Social media (SoMe) might be an alternative platform for communicating critical care topics to implement evidence‐based practice in the intensive care unit (ICU). This survey aims to describe ICU nurses’ and ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Background: Uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women are common, and urine samples from these patients are not routinely cultured. Empirical treatment is based on knowledge of resistance patterns for common ...
What is drug-resistant tuberculosis? Health workers’ perception, experience and attitude on mechanisms and control in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Restricted Access
(Master thesis / Masteroppgave, 2018)
(Master thesis / Prosjektoppgave, 2013)
Vitamin D-mangel er et utbredt problem blant mange ikke-vestlige innvandrerkvinner i Norge, noe som utgjør en stor helseutfordring da innvandrere står for en ikke ubetydelig del av landets befolkning. Vi vet lite om hvordan ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
We developed the informed health choices (IHC) primary school resources to teach children how to assess the trustworthiness of claims about the effects of treatments. We evaluated these resources in a randomised trial in ...
Weightbearing radiographs to evaluate stability in isolated trans-syndesmotic fibular fractures - A prospective, non-randomized, controlled feasibility study Restricted Access
(Master thesis / Masteroppgave, 2020)
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Background and aims: There is a gap in knowledge regarding effective rehabilitation service delivery in the post-acute phase after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Recently, Gutenbrunner et al. proposed a classification system ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Background
Norway does not implement routine vaccination against varicella or herpes zoster. Despite substantial health burden associated with both diseases, their economic impact is not well described. The aim of the ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Background
The concept of medical leadership (ML) can enhance physicians’ inclusion in efforts for higher quality healthcare. Despite ML’s spiking popularity, only a few countries have built a national ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Background
Many of the elderly in nursing homes are very ill and have a reduced quality of life. Life expectancy is often hard to predict. Decisions about life-prolonging treatment should be based on a ...