Sammendrag Mange arter er i dag truet med utrydning fordi stadig mer areal blir tatt i bruk eller endret av mennesker. En av disse artene er dragehode (Dracocephalum ruyschiana), som er i kategorien sårbar (VU) på rødlista ...

Ecosystems all over the world are affected by climate change, and especially so high latitude and altitude ecosystems. One consequence of global warming in Norway is an upward shift in the mountain birch forest line. A ...

Character displacement has been a process discussed by biologist ever since Darwin visited the Galapagos in the 19th century. Similar species occurring together will sometimes diverge in characters to avoid hybridization ...

Telomeres, the tandemly repeated sequences at the ends of vertebrate chromosomes, shortens during an organism’s life due to internal and external factors. The conditions experienced by an individual during its growth period, ...

The effect of elevated CO₂ on plant stoichiometry has been given a lot of attention in the last years; however, extended studies on the effects of elevated light added to the increased CO₂ are still insufficient. Plant ...

Urban natur er lite forsket på sammenlignet med uberørt natur, men naturen i og rundt byene er viktig å ha kunnskap om for å kunne ta gode og bærekraftige avgjørelser i byplanlegging og vern av natur. Naturen i og rundt ...

Small rodents in alpine areas are known to appear in multiannual cycles, usually with a population peak every 3 – 5 years. Since the mid 1980’s, a dampening in these population peaks have been observed in Northern Europe. ...

Abstract In 2016 Chronic Wasting Disease was discovered in Nordfjella, Norway for the first time in a female reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Since then Norwegian nature management have implemented several measures in the ...

Climate change is altering many aspects of local selection regimes. Which aspects of changing environments causing the strongest selective force, differ widely across species. Strong climatic and topographical heterogeneity ...

As an effect of climate change and alterations in land use, the ranges of roe deer and also that of their ectoparasites, like the sheep tick (Ixodes ricinus) are expanding. This has also increased the occurrence of tick-borne ...

Dracocephalum ruyschiana is a rare species in Europe and its conservation is considered a priority by the Norwegian Environment Agency. Specialist species in fragmented and rare habitats such as dry, calcareous grasslands ...

Human activities have historically influenced the evolution of other species. Dramatic modifications in land-use and extreme urbanization have increased not only the amount of species associated with human environments, ...

The INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION (IDA)/IDA-LIKE gene family encodes peptides hypothesized to be involved in different cell-separation events in plants. A phylogenetic analysis was performed to elucidate the ...

Seabirds bring substantial amounts of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) from sea to their breeding colonies. On Svalbard, previous research has focused on the ornithogenic fluxes from sea to land, but little is known of the ...

Black-headed Gulls are in rapid decline in Norway and is categorized as VU (Vulnerable) on the national Red List. The Norwegian population has decreased from 30 000 pairs around 1990 to just 7000 pairs in 2011. In the study ...

Free-ranging reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.) eat a diverse diet of graminoids, herbs, shrubs, woody plants, mushroom, lichen and mosses. DNA metabarcoding is an established method in dietary studies and through e.g. ...

In aquatic environments predator threats can be present as chemical cues which can induce defensive traits in prey. Such predatory induced cues can be responsible for changes in morphology, life histories and behavior. ...

The genus Cochlearia, together with its sister genus Ionopsidium Rchb., forms the tribe Cochlearieae, a rather small tribe which comprises about 30 taxa, which either x=6 or x=7 basic chromosome number. The x=6 series forms ...

In the Arctic tundra several different species of herbivores co-exist, with potentially large effects on tundra ecosystem functions and dynamics. Understanding the herbivores trophic interactions therefore provides essential ...

I present a model of chiasma interference and recombination in homo- and heterokaryotypes and a model of nonrandom mating. These two models form the basis of a general-purpose deterministic multilocus evolution simulator, ...

In northern Europe, the tick Ixodes ricinus is of particular concern, as it is the principal vector of the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) which is known to cause Lyme disease in humans, among other ...

During the last century, the grey wolf (Canis lupus L.) was subject to extensive hunting pressure, which led to functional extinction of this species from the Scandinavian Peninsula around 1970. Wolves reappeared in ...

Land cover maps provide spatial information on the physical cover of the earth. With increasing strain on natural resources, these maps enable knowledge-based nature management. Such maps represent a generalization of ...

In the past century, the agricultural landscape in Norway, and Europe, has changed drastically. Artificial fertilizer, electricity and modern machinery has contributed to the development of the industrialization of the ...

Abstract Rotifers and phytoplankton have been vastly used by scientists as model organisms in toxicological, eco-toxicological, ecological and other studies. In order to conduct experiments on interactions between animals ...

In sexually reproducing taxa, normal sperm function is critical for successful reproduction, and pathogenic bacteria can prevent this. Thus, understanding the role of bacteria in ejaculates can have significant implications ...

Insect pollination is an important contribution to wild ecosystems in Norway and 80 % of plants seem to benefit from this important ecosystem service. During the last century, there has been an overall decline in pollinators, ...

I have addressed taxonomic affiliation, genus delimitation, and species delimitations in the lichen genus Eschatogonia. Preliminary parsimony analyses, based on one mitochondrial (SSU) ribosomal DNA-region, on a dataset ...

The evolutionary scaling of brain size on body size among species is strikingly constant across vertebrates, suggesting that the brain size is constrained by body size. Body size is a strong predictor of brain size, but ...

Bird song is used for both intra-sexual and inter-sexual interactions, in male-male competition and for attracting females. In species that use song for attraction, the females often prefer males with larger repertoires ...

Climate change is the effect of rapid and recent change in global climate variables, affecting all species in all ecosystems. Fungi are no exception, fulfilling a variety of important roles as decomposers, parasites and ...

The regular movement of animals between summer and winter ranges, termed seasonal migration, is a common phenomenon among ungulates at northern latitudes. The most prominent hypothesis to explain seasonal migration is the ...

Fragmentation of habitats is one of the major threats to biodiversity. Fragmentations will reduce connectivity and consequently affect the genetic population structure particularly in rivers. In the current study the genetic ...

Primates habitats are being increasingly fragmented by human activities worldwide. The behavioural flexibility exhibited by vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) is assumed to be crucial in the species ability to persist ...

Hybridization is increasingly recognized as a source of novel variation, but how hybridization can contribute to evolution is still not fully understood. Insights into the evolutionary potential of hybrid species, and the ...

Ticks are important vectors for a variety of pathogens of medical and veterinary importance worldwide. Small rodents and shrews are widely distributed, and can harbour several species of ticks and substantial tick burdens. ...

Section Cochlearia (Brassicaceae) includes highly polymorphic species complexes with regard to ploidal level, ecological adaptation and distribution. Low levels of chloroplast DNA divergence suggest that taxa most likely ...

Arabidopsis thaliana has proven to be an extremely useful model organism in studies of plant biology and an extensive base of knowledge has been amassed of the diverse molecular processes in this plant. The next step is ...

When facing life-threatening perturbation the following stress reaction will usually turn current behavior towards survival behaviors. However, this can have a potential fitness trade-off if it turns behavior away from ...

Juncus bulbosus Growth Experiment performed over 13 weeks to establish its response to anoxic conditions over root system. 20 of 40 plants were grown hydroponically with oxygen deprived water supplied to the root system. ...

Beak morphology is an ecologically important trait for birds. Beak size and shape are crucial for adapting to new niches and for optimal utilization of existing food sources. The adaptive potential of a species can be ...

Repeatable behavioural variation within individuals that is consistent over time and across contexts is often defined as non-human animal personality. Individuals may be classified as having a shy or bold personality. Shy ...

Fisheries activities and the development of more efficient fishing gear, have had detrimental effects in commercial stocks. This occurs largely as a result of negative selection acting on certain individuals during the ...

Various stressors such as higher temperatures, grazing by sea urchins, and anthropogenic effects may threaten kelp forests around the world. Conservation efforts can benefit from an understanding of current and historic ...

Across the avian lineage, closely related species, or even populations within the same species may display differing migratory phenotypes. The many components of migratory behaviour are inherited as one migratory gene ...

Wrasse species went from having almost no commercial value in Norway, and not being fished, to a landing of 21.2 million individuals in 2014 with 11.68 million of these being goldsinny. This explosive growth in fishing ...

A permanent landscape scale grazing experiment was established at Hol, Buskerud, in a lower alpine ecosystem with a recent history of rather low grazing pressure. Since 2002, nine sub-enclosures has been permanently subjected ...

Animal personality can be defined as individual behavioural differences that are repeatable and consistent across time and/or contexts. In the model species great tit Parus major, studies on personality have shown consistent ...

Mycorrhizal associations are essential to most plant life on earth. Cassiope tetragona is a circumpolar Arctic plant in the Ericaceae family, which has been reported to form ericoid mycorrhiza as well as ectomycorrhiza, ...

Sandtjern nature reserve, located on the Gardermoen Delta, SE Norway, consists of a series of kettle holes that are subjected to severe annual wet-dry cycles due to flooding. In the rainy season in late autumn, the kettle ...

Hybridization is a common phenomenon within the genus Canis. The recently discovered African wolf (Canis lupaster), is sympatric with several closely related species; the Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), the side-striped ...

The Black Death pandemic swept through Europe during the Middle Ages leading to high mortality from plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. How the disease was transmitted in Europe is not fully elucidated, and ...

Nutrient availability is important for microbes in soil environments. When an animal dies and decomposes, nutrients are released into the soil. This may cause a shift in the diversity of microbes present, as well as lead ...

Hybridization is an important evolutionary force. It may lead to the formation of new, adaptive genotypes, or even the formation of a new species. However, it also may lead to replacement, or merging of species. Hybridization ...