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Now showing items 1-100 of 558
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
This essay addresses how the Norwegian government has handled the coronavirus pandemic. Compared with many other countries, Norway has performed well in handling the crisis. This must be understood in the context of competent ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2014)
Lobbying has traditionally been an enterprise of national interest organizations, which chiefly seek to influence national actors, especially governments. However, studies find that national interest organizations increasingly ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Theories of voting rights differ quite sharply with regard to whether or not they support (rapid) enfranchisement of irregular immigrants. In this paper, we first outline these theories and their implications. We then ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Anthropogenic climate change is an existential threat to the people of sinking island states. When their territories inevitably disappear, what, if anything, do the world's remaining territorial states owe them? According ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2015)
Can norms of distributive fairness serve as pillars of a new and more effective global climate regime? Three general principles – responsibilities, capabilities (capacity), and needs (or rights) – are frequently invoked ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2014)
To achieve the needed 95% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, almost all energy consumed globally will have to stem from low-carbon sources, not least from renewable energy. Sweden and Norway have long sought to become ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2013)
More than two decades of climate change negotiations have produced a series of global climate agreements, such as the Kyoto Protocol and the Copenhagen Accords, but have nevertheless made very limited progress in curbing ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2016)
This article discusses the possibilities and obstacles for a cost-effective implementation of policies that will lead to a significant reduction in global CO2 emissions from the use of oil. The structural conditions and ...
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Organizational theories can be classified into three types—structural, cultural, and mythical. The structural perspective is based in “bounded rationality” and focuses on how formal structures influence the thoughts and ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
According to a prominent forward-looking justification of territorial (jurisdictional) rights, people may establish such rights over a piece of land if they develop economic and/or religious-cultural life plans the ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
Abstract
We investigate whether female political empowerment is conducive to civil peace, drawing on global data on female political empowerment over a 200-year period, from the Varieties of Democracy database. ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
This research note scrutinizes official vote counts from the 2018 Egyptian presidential election. Drawing on data for 13,807 polling stations published by the Egyptian Electoral Authority, it uses the Election Forensics ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2015)
Background
Because consequences of pediatric overweight and obesity are largely psychosocial, the aim of this study was to describe health related quality of life (HRQoL), the prevalence of overweight and ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2015)
The elaborate system of expert groups that the European Commission organises is a key feature of EU everyday governance and also a potential channel of societal involvement in EU policy making. This article examines the ...
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
While kinship is among the basic organizing principles of all human life, its role in and implications for international politics and relations have been subject to surprisingly little exploration in International Relations ...
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2014)
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2014)
Although China and the EU differ vastly in their preconditions for environmental governance and investment, both have expanded their capacity for wind-power generation greatly over the past decade. The EU member-states ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2014)
This article explores how insurgencies emerge and spread within a country over time through an analysis of the Maoist insurgency in Nepal. It argues that important processes underpinning the spread of insurgency are likely ...
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2015)
Tilgjengeliggjort med tillatelse fra Dreyer Forlag.
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2015)
This paper looks beyond more traditional evaluation activities to focus primarily on evaluation up front. It suggests that the early appraisal of an investment case or a project should apply essentially the same evaluation ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Combining new quantitative and qualitative data, this article first describes and compares the evolution of right-wing terrorism and militancy in the Nordic countries between 1990 and 2015. Having established that Sweden ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2007)
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
This article contributes with a novel systematic theoretical and empirical exploration of why states find a nonpermanent seat in the UN Security Council attractive. Three conceptualizations of power—to influence, to network, ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
What explains the development of legislative party voting unity? Evidence from the United States and Britain indicate that partisan sorting, cohort replacement effects, electoral incentives, and agenda control contributed ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2012)
"Eliten- und Bevölkerungsvertrauen in neuen Demokratien – auf dem Weg zur Konvergenz? Die baltischen Staaten 1992-2007".
Confidence in political and social institutions is of basic importance for democratic rule. The ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Mentoring of pre-service teachers in their school practicum is vital to integrating different parts of the educational programmes and supporting the pre-service teachers to become educational professionals, but for mentors ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
School learners can struggle with setting and striving for objectives that require sustained academic self‐discipline. We believe that teachers’ instructional qualities and school culture are factors that can successfully ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Adequate self-efficacy is useful for motivating individuals to engage in continued improvement. This study explores the potential antecedents of instructional self-efficacy beliefs among Norwegian student teachers attending ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Teachers’ operational control is challenged by pupils’ access to computers with internet in the classroom. The teacher’s control of operations will be diminished in a technology-rich classroom. Professional growth is ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
This study builds on and contributes to work about the use of student evaluation of teacher performance. Although many studies have examined multiple forms of teacher evaluation, not much has been written about high school ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2016)
According to luck egalitarianism it is bad or unjust if someone is worse off than another through no fault or choice of her own. This article argues that there is a tension in standard luck egalitarian theory between ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2016)
This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Huseby, R. (2016), The Beneficiary Pays Principle and Luck Egalitarianism. Journal of social philosophy, 47: 332–349, which has been published in final form at ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2014)
We review formal (and some more informal) models of climate cooperation derived from economics and political science. These models convey two main messages. On one hand, they suggest that the prospects for effective climate ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Individuals’ equal right to make their own decisions and to control their own lives is fundamental to realising human rights. The United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities confirms this axiom ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2021)
Applying a dual-process framework to in-depth interviews and survey data, this article explores behavioural manifestations of intercultural attitudes for white majority Norwegians. The article builds upon established ...
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Hate crime is a fluid category that has been constructed and implemented in a variety of ways within the legal system and in political discourse. As hate crime policies have been developed in many divergent directions ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2016)
We examine the negotiations held under the auspices of the United Nations Framework Convention of Climate Change in Paris, December 2015. Prior to these negotiations, there was considerable uncertainty about whether an ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
This study focuses on how Finnish pre-service teachers’ instructional self-efficacy contributes to their belief in their ability to provide learning opportunities and positive classroom outcomes. Data were gathered from ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2013)
En god internasjonal klimaavtale krever ikke bare bred deltagelse og dype forpliktelser, den må også sikre at medlemslandene overholder sine forpliktelser. Håndhevingssystemet i Kyotoprotokollen har en rekke svakheter. ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Under what conditions should we expect the United States to support international enforcement of treaties? We hypothesize that U.S. support is most likely for treaties where international enforcement will cause considerable ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Studies show that public administrations that practise merit-based recruitment of their personnel are significantly less marked by corruption than administrations that do not recruit in this manner. While we know a lot ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2009)
Over the last decade there has been a significant broadening of the legal protection against discrimination in Norway. Adding to a comparatively strong gender equality legislation, the protection against discrimination has ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2008)
The political role of religious value systems poses a great challenge in the perspective of safeguarding women’s citizenship rights. This applies to all the contexts where religious law defines civil, political and social ...
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2007)
Loenen, Maria Laetitia Petronella, and Jenny Elisabeth Goldschmidt, eds. Religious Pluralism and Human Rights in Europe: Where to Draw the Line?. Intersentia, 2007.
http://intersentia.com/en/shop/professioneel/religious ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2007)
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2009)
The article discusses legal-political controversies over the implementation of international human rights conventions in Norway, with special attention to claims concerning judicialization and power transfer effects. Insofar ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2015)
Background
In African countries, caesarean sections are usually performed to save mothers and babies’ lives, sometimes in extremis and at considerable costs. Little is known about the health and lives of ...
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2013)
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Policy innovation in unitary states relies heavily on the proclivity of local governments to identify and respond to emerging policy challenges. The article contributes by applying a framework for policy innovation normally ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
In what follows, I will raise some critical questions pertaining to the beneficiary-oriented version of the BP. I start in the next section by distinguishing between different renderings of the principle. In section 3 and ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Academic freedom and the autonomy of academic institutions (their freedom from outside interference) are core values in contemporary academic life. This article outlines changes that have taken place in the last few decades ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Is orchestration democratically legitimate? On one hand, debates concerning the legitimacy and democratic deficits of international politics continue unabated. On the other, the Secretariat of the United Nations Framework ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Artikkelen bruker tidsseriedata fra Norsk Monitor til å undersøke utviklingen i ulike aspekter ved nordmenns holdninger til innvandrere og innvandring i perioden 1993–2015. Tendensen er en økende overvekt av positive over ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
This article investigates perceived accountability patterns of national agencies’ chief executives in four countries with a Rechtsstaat tradition and tests theoretical expectations about potential tensions between managerial ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Recent scholarship on advisory systems has focussed on the externalization of advisory capacities and sectoral dynamics of change, whereas changes of internal policy advisory systems have not yet been approached systematically. ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
We investigate whether mining affects local corruption in Africa. Several cross-country analyses report that natural resources have adverse effects on political institutions by increasing corruption, whereas other country-level ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Under the 2015 Paris climate agreement, each Party sets its own mitigation target by submitting a Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) every five years. An important question is whether including conditional components ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
In school settings, self-control is central to the ability of learners to complete their academic work successfully. Learners’ self-control is directly influenced by the ways in which educators execute their work, including ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
In this article, we argue that autocratic regimes are no less likely than democracies to adopt old-age pensions, although autocratic programs are less universal in their coverage. Our theoretical argument focuses on the ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Government formation in parliamentary democracies is supposed to occur within the parliament. Yet, outside actors, such as the head of state, may formally or informally influence which party holds the position of Prime ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Technology has become an ever-present factor in virtually every contemporary situation, and digital media has gained a significant role in the lives of young people. This article explores and compares the antecedents for ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Background
Pain problems are common in children and adolescents. Measures of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) can be used to assess children’s subjective perspectives of pain experience and its impact ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
This article contributes to the literature on the politicization of appointments to increase political control over public bureaucracies with often substantial managerial and policy autonomy. Using data from a large-scale ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
This study examines teaching evaluation based on student feedback which is intended to contribute to teachers’ professional development. Although studies have highlighted that teaching evaluation is a potential source of ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2013)
In 1986, the International Labour Organization (ILO) started a process aimed at revising its 1957 Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention (C107). This process was completed in 1989 with the adoption of the Indigenous ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
I 2017 er det 60 år siden Stein Rokkan, Henry Valen og deres medarbeidere gjennomførte den første norske valgundersøkelsen. På bred basis tok man sikte på å studere politiske partier, rekruttering, velgeratferd og medienes ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Although the Paris Agreement arguably made some progress, interest in supplementary approaches to climate change co-operation persist. This article examines the conditions under which a climate club might emerge and grow. ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Investigation of whether, how, and why inequality influences the dynamics of violent conflict has a long intellectual history. Inequality between individuals and households (vertical inequality) has dominated the literature, ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
The duration of on-campus academic engagements is an uncertain and highly debated indicator of study input. Researchers adopt this indicator with the expectation that student teachers must invest an amount of time and ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Most studies of democratic developments are limited to the period after World War II. However, political regimes varied according to different aspects of democracy long before the establishment of modern liberal mass ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Developing students’ digital skills and self-confidence in their ability to purposefully use online learning opportunities is considered important for achieving educational objectives. This study empirically explores ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Google Scholar (GS) is an important tool that faculty, administrators, and external reviewers use to evaluate the scholarly impact of candidates for jobs, tenure, and promotion. This article highlights both the benefits ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Påvirker informasjon om konsekvenser av forslag om å endre stortingsvalgordningen velgernes holdninger til valgordningen? Er endringsvilligheten større blant velgere som «taper» med den nåværende valgordningen? Spørsmålene ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
Committee coordinators face a classic delegation problem when assigning reports to their committee members. Although a few theoretical developments have focused on the effects of expertise on delegation, empirical studies ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
This study attempts to reconcile competing positions in an important debate about the relationship between regime type and human development. We contend that this empirical relationship is contingent upon issues of ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2022)
The Storting election of September 2021 signalled the end of eight years in office for of the centre-right government led by Premier Erna Solberg. During this period, different constellations of parties had been in power: ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
The Brexit referendum to leave the EU and Trump’s success in the US general election in 2016 sparked new waves of discussion on nativism, nationalism, and the far right. Within these analyses, however, very little attention ...
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Vigilantism refers to organized civilians acting in a policing role without any legal authorization, using or displaying a capacity for violence, claiming that the police (or other homeland security agencies) are either ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
The impact of renewables on the energy markets–falling wholesale electricity prices and lower investment stability–are apparently creating a shortage of energy project financing, which in future could lead to power supply ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
This article argues that the extent to which political parties are institutionalized shapes welfare state development. Institutionalized parties allow politicians to overcome co-ordination problems, avoid capture by special ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
How do Norwegian government officials perceive the dilemma between liberty and security after the 2011 terrorist attacks? A survey from 2016 shows that the central government officials’ attitudes are rather similar to the ...
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Dealing with crises is a main responsibility of government authorities. Crises strike at the core of democratic governance and challenge not only capacity but also legitimacy and accountability. They are a test of whether ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
The field of ministerial durability, showing why some ministers are dismissed and others not, has increased in size over the last decade. Specifically, linking ministerial performance through resignation calls with durability ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
On 1 June 2017, President Trump announced that the US intends to leave the Paris Agreement if no alternative terms acceptable to his administration can be agreed upon. In this article, an agent-based model of bottom-up ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2016)
This article addresses the relationship between latent predispositions and political campaign communication. We propose that political values are decisive in a voter’s calculation of which parties she may consider voting ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Welfare states are exposed to a host of cost-inducing ‘reform pressures’. An experiment implemented in Germany, Norway and Sweden tests how various reform pressure frames affect perceptions about the future financial ...
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
In this chapter the focus is on governance capacity as seen from the civil servants at central level in ministries and central agencies. This means that the strategic level is more up front than the operational level. Civil ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
When responding to crises, a joint approach is often used, which requires coordination among government agencies and other institutions. In this article we combine the vertical and horizontal dimensions to develop a ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
In this work we present the Talk of Norway (ToN) data set, a collection of Norwegian Parliament speeches from 1998 to 2016. Every speech is richly annotated with metadata harvested from different sources, and augmented ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Elever i norske videregående skoler har vanligvis tilgang til datamaskiner med internett-tilgang mens undervisningen pågår. Teknologitilgjengeligheten kan ha betydning for læreres mestringsforventninger til faglig undervisning. ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Denne studien undersøker hvilke organisasjonsmessige faktorer som er relatert til læreres kollegiale hjelpsomhet med IKT i undervisning og læreres forbedringsbestrebelser. Analysen baseres seg på et utvalg av lærere i ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Human society can be roughly divided into three spheres and each has different public values. While public values should be at the heart of public administration and social development, they are often significantly weakened ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
The Historical Varieties of Democracy dataset (Historical V-Dem) contains about 260 indicators, both factual and evaluative, describing various aspects of political regimes and state institutions. The dataset covers 91 ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Political leaders often have private incentives to pursue socially wasteful projects, but not all leaders are able to pursue these interests. We argue that weaker accountability mechanisms allow autocratic leaders to more ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
How do political leaders politicise welfare state “reform pressures”, e.g. unemployment, ageing or globalisation, in election campaigns? Competing expectations range from no politicization at all to a clear and unbiased ...
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
The governance of higher education has been a prominent topic for investigation at least since Burton Clark’s foundational 1983 study on the higher education system (see *General Overview and Historical Studies*). While ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
There is a substantial literature on optimal emissions trading system (ETS) designs, but relatively little on how organized political interests affect the design and operation of these economic instruments. This article ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Several prominent accounts suggest that democratic transitions are more likely to take place when opposition to the incumbent regime is led by certain social groups. We further develop the argument that opposition movements ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Numerous studies—operating with diverse model specifications, samples and empirical measures—suggest different economic, social, cultural, demographic, institutional and international determinants of democracy. We distinguish ...