Studies of how intravenously injected nanoparticles (NPs) enter tumours and are taken up by tumour cells have been discussed for more than three decades. Despite this, we still have much to learn about interactions between ...

A wide range of species, including marine mammals, seabirds, birds of prey, fish and bivalves, were investigated for potential population health risks resulting from contemporary (post 2000) mercury (Hg) exposure, using ...

Abstract In this contribution, we propose fishery driven predator release as the cause for the largest grazing event ever observed in the NE Atlantic. Based on the evolving appreciation of limits to population connectivity, ...

Background Consistent individual differences in behaviour, known as animal personalities, have been demonstrated within and across species. In fish, studies applying an animal personality approach have been ...

porocarps (fruit bodies) are the sexual reproductive stage in the life cycle of many fungi. They are highly nutritious and consequently vulnerable to grazing by birds and small mammals, and invertebrates, and can be infected ...

Breast cancer is the most predominant form of cancer in females worldwide. High throughput gene expression analysis has led to classification of breast cancer into distinct molecular subtypes (Parker et al., 2009; Perou ...

Background Advances in whole genome sequencing strategies have provided the opportunity for genomic and comparative genomic analysis of a vast variety of organisms. The analysis results are highly dependent on the quality ...

DNA damaging agents, such as ionizing radiation and many chemotherapeutic drugs, are used in cancer treatment to kill cancer cells. However, networks of signaling cascades induced by DNA damage counteract this by leading ...

Research in evolutionary biology is driven by curiosity about the evolution of complex organisms. Their origin and maintenance depend on two conflicting properties ‐ evolvability and robustness. Evolvability is the ability ...

In her PhD thesis, Synnøve Smebye Botnen investigated the diversity and community ecology of Arctic fungi, from beforehand a poorly studied group of organisms. Climate change will have major impacts on Arctic ecosystems ...

Targeting the DNA damage response to selectively kill cancer cells is a topic of great interest in the field of cancer research. Inhibitors of the cell cycle checkpoint kinases WEE1, CHK1 and ATR have been developed, and ...

Global economic value of agriculture production resulting from animal pollination services has been estimated to be $235–$577 billion. This estimate is based on quantification of crops that are available at the global ...

Background Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) are among the most widely manufactured and used nanoparticles. Concerns about potential health effects of SiNPs have therefore risen. Using a 3D tri-culture model ...

Abstract Oceanographic conditions in the Arctic are changing, with sea ice cover decreasing and sea temperatures increasing. Our understanding of the effects on marine populations in the area is, however, limited. ...

The acquisition of tolerance to an environmental stressor can result in organisms displaying slower growth after stress release. While well-grounded in the theory, empirical evidence of the trade-off between stress tolerance ...

Yersinia ruckeri causes enteric redmouth disease (ERM) that mainly affects salmonid fishes and leads to significant economic losses in the aquaculture industry. An increasing number of outbreaks and the lack of effective ...

Genomic imprinting regulates parent‐specific transcript dosage during seed development and is mainly confined to the endosperm. Elucidation of the function of many imprinted genes has been hampered by the lack of corresponding ...

The food we eat can have a huge environmental impact. Steaks, tomatoes and bread are typically farmed and transported using fossil resources, while nutrients are lost and much of the product is wasted on its way to our ...

Prolonged exposure to bullying behaviors may give rise to symptoms such as anxiety, depression and chronic pain. Earlier data suggest that these symptoms often are associated with stress-induced low-grade systemic inflammation. ...

Fossil sequences provide observations of phenotypes within a lineage over time and represent essential data for increasing our understanding of phyletic evolution beyond microevolutionary timescales. I investigate if fossil ...

A number of epidemiological studies find an association between indoor air dampness and respiratory health effects. This is often suggested to be linked to enhanced mold growth. However, the role of mold are obviously ...

Yersinia pestis is transmitted from fleas to rodents when the bacterium develops an extensive biofilm in the foregut of a flea, starving it into a feeding frenzy, or, alternatively, during a brief period directly after ...

The SpyCatcher-SpyTag system was developed seven years ago as a method for protein ligation. It is based on a modified domain from a Streptococcus pyogenes surface protein (SpyCatcher), which recognizes a cognate 13-amino-acid ...

Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) is a circulating serine protease implicated in thrombosis, atherosclerosis, stroke, and cancer. Using an overexpression strategy, we have systematically investigated the role of protease ...

Understanding the biological processes involved in genetic differentiation and divergence between populations within species is a pivotal aim in evolutionary biology. One particular phenomenon that requires clarification ...

Intraspecific trait variation has large effects on the ecosystem and is greatly affected by human activities. To date, most studies focused on single-trait analyses, while considering multiple traits is expected to better ...

GCN2, an amino-acid deprivation sensor is one of the kinases activated during the integrated stress response. Its role in normal as well as in cancer cells during stress induced by starvation has garnered a lot of attention. ...

Abstract The great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus) is a social rodent living in permanent, complex burrow systems distributed throughout Central Asia, where it serves as the main host of several important vector-borne ...

1. Hunting and culling are frequently used to combat infectious wildlife diseases. The aim is to markedly lower population density in order to limit disease transmission or to eradicate the host. Massive host culling can ...

With the increasing imperative for societies to act to curb climate change by increasing carbon stores and sinks, it has become critical to understand how organic carbon is produced, released, transformed, transported, and ...

The mechanism of action of recombinant IgG2/4 antibodies involves blocking of their target without the induction of effector functions. Examples are eculizumab (Soliris®), which is used clinically to block complement factor ...

Thapsigargin (Tg) is a naturally occurring plant compound that potently blocks the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ pump SERCA (sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase). This leads to ER Ca2+ depletion, unresolved ER stress, ...

There are concerns that increasing anthropogenic stressors can cause catastrophic transitions in ecosystems. Such shifts have large social, economic, and ecological consequences and therefore have important management ...

Diel vertical migration (DVM) is normally limited to the upper 1000 m. However, the use of ship-borne and stationary submerged echosounders in the Red Sea unveiled consistent formation of daytime patches extending to ...

The recruitment and biomass of a fish stock are influenced by their environmental conditions and anthropogenic pressures such as fishing. The variability in the environment often translates into fluctuations in recruitment, ...

The mycotoxin 2-Amino-14,16-dimethyloctadecan-3-ol (AOD) has been isolated from cultures of the fungus Fusarium avenaceum, one of the most prevalent Fusarium species. AOD is an analogue of sphinganine and 1-deoxysphinganine, ...

Autotransporters, or type 5 secretion systems (T5SS), are widespread surface proteins of Gram-negative bacteria often associated with virulence. Three novel T5dSSs expressed in the fish pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila, the ...

The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) is critically endangered throughout its range. Knowledge about age distribution of future spawners (silver eels) is essential to monitor the status and contribute to the recovery of ...

Lake Steinsfjorden, an important Norwegian location for noble crayfish (Astacus astacus), is often affected by cyanobacterial blooms caused by microcystin (MC)-producing Planktothrix spp. The impact of MCs on noble crayfish ...

Abstract The spatial distribution of fish early life stages can impact recruitment at later stages and affect population size and resilience. Northeast Arctic (NEA) cod spawning occurs along the Norwegian coast. ...

Background Lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) are promising vehicles for drug delivery. However, since not much was known about cellular toxicity of these nanoparticles in themselves, we have here investigated the ...

Background Recent global changes have led to an increase in distribution of ticks towards higher elevation and latitude in Europe and livestock are at increasing risk of contracting tick-borne diseases, but psychological ...

Incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) can lead to biased divergence time estimates. To explore if and how ILS has influenced the results of a recent worldwide phylogeny of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus), we ...

A key process affecting variation in the recruitment of fish into fisheries is the spatio-temporal overlap between prey and predator (match-mismatch hypothesis, MMH). The Northeast Arctic cod Gadus morhua and its dominant ...

The house sparrow is an important model species for studying physiological, ecological and evolutionary processes in wild populations. Here, we present a medium density, genome wide linkage map for house sparrow (Passer ...

Chromatin post‐translational modifications are thought to be important for epigenetic effects on gene expression. Methylation of histone N‐terminal tail lysine residues constitutes one of many such modifications, executed ...

The aim of the present study was to investigate effects of defined mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), at low, environmentally relevant (1× = L), or high (20× = H) ...

Epidemiological studies have found strong associations between air pollution and respiratory effects including development and/or exacerbation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as well as increased ...

Sustainable production of biofuels from lignocellulose feedstocks depends on cheap enzymes for degradation of such biomass. Plants offer a safe and cost‐effective production platform for biopharmaceuticals, vaccines and ...

Background Graph-based reference genomes have become popular as they allow read mapping and follow-up analyses in settings where the exact haplotypes underlying a high-throughput sequencing experiment are ...

Bacillus anthracis , the causative agent of anthrax, is a considerable global health threat affecting wildlife, livestock, and the general public. In this study, whole‐genome sequence analysis of over 350 B. anthracis ...

Killer whales (Orcinus orca) are at risk from high levels of biomagnifying pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and mercury (Hg). Previous toxicological risk assessments for the Norwegian killer whale ...

Nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) is an RNA processing pathway that helps maintain the quality of gene expression. It is best known as a surveillance system that detects aberrant mRNA molecules that result from mutations leading ...

The endogenous cellular machinery mediates the fine-tuned regulatory mechanisms over the endosomal pathway. The fidelity of the process comes from the means of Rabs, SNAREs, SM-proteins, and tethering complexes, mediating ...

Several studies have demonstrated interactions between the two leaflets in membrane bilayers and the importance of specific lipid species for such interaction and membrane function. We here discuss these investigations ...

Among vertebrates, amphibians currently have the highest proportion of threatened species worldwide, mainly through loss of habitat, leading to increased population isolation. Smaller amphibian populations may lose more ...

Several subgroups in Genus Chlorophytum has been identified by molecular, morphological and chromosome research. One of the subgroups has been referred to as “The paniculate spongy-rooted group”, where the delimitation of ...

1. Due to globalisation, trade and transport, the spread of alien species is increasing dramatically. Some alien species become ecologically harmful by threatening native biota. This can lead to irreversible changes in ...

Many animal populations providing ecosystem services, including harvest, live in seasonal environments and migrate between seasonally distinct ranges. Unfortunately, two major sources of human-induced global change threaten ...

The continuing pressure on natural resources and the expansion of urban development necessitates up-to-date knowledge about the distribution and status of different kinds of nature. Land-cover maps are created by mapping ...

Sammendrag Den moderne biologien formes av statistikk og nye metoder for å analysere de store datamengdene fagfeltet består av. Dette gjør at samfunnet trenger biologer med tilstrekkelig eksperimentell og teoretisk bakgrunn ...

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by cells upon fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the plasma membrane (PM). Various aspects concerning the molecular mechanisms involved in exosome biogenesis and ...

Enzymes are central components of most physiological processes, and are consequently implicated in various pathologies. High‐resolution maps of enzyme activity within tissues therefore represent powerful tools for elucidating ...

Ecological diversity has been reported for killer whales (Orcinus orca) throughout the North Atlantic but patterns of prey specialization have remained poorly understood. We quantify interindividual dietary variations in ...

In this study we have developed biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) containing the cytostatic drugs mertansine (MRT) or cabazitaxel (CBZ). The NPs are based on chitosan (CS) conjugate polymers synthesized with ...

Capture and long-distance translocation of cleaner fish to control lice infestations on marine salmonid farms has the potential to influence wild populations via overexploitation in source regions, and introgression in ...

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are persistent man-made chemicals, ubiquitous in nature and present in human samples. Although restrictions are being introduced, they are still used in industrial processes as well as in ...

Freshwater colonization by threespine stickleback has led to divergence in morphology between ancestral marine and derived freshwater populations, making them ideal for studying natural selection on phenotypes. In an open ...

Epigenetic observations are represented by the total number of reads from a given pool of cells and the number of methylated reads, making it reasonable to model this data by a binomial distribution. There are numerous ...

Within genus Crinum L. there has been a lot of confusion, especially in the Crinum rautanenianum complex comprising Crinum carolo-schmidtii, C. euchrophyllum, C. paludosum, C. rautanenianum, and also a specimen referred ...

I denne studien ble motivasjonen hos studenter som tok emnet BIOS1100 - innføring i beregningsmodeller i biovitenskap ved Universitetet i Oslo undersøkt. Hovedvekten i studien ble lagt rundt eventuelle effekter krav om ...

Trimeric autotransporter adhesins (TAAs) comprise a group of virulence‐related proteins in Gram‐negative bacteria. Members of this family bind to extracellular matrix components such as collagen and fibronectin, but also ...

Climate change causes Arctic glaciers to retreat faster, exposing new areas for colonization. Several pioneer plants likely to colonize recent deglaciated, nutrient-poor areas depend on fungal partners for successful ...

Seabirds like gulls are common indicators in contaminant monitoring. The herring gull (Larus argentatus) is a generalist with a broad range of dietary sources, possibly introducing a weakness in its representativeness of ...

Many boreal lakes are experiencing an increase in concentrations of terrestrially derived dissolved organic matter (DOM)—a process commonly labeled “browning.” Browning affects microbial and photochemical mineralization ...

Bacteriophages use a large number of different bacterial cell envelope structures as receptors for surface attachment. As a consequence, bacterial surfaces represent a major control point for the defense against phage ...

The cholesterol-sensing nuclear receptor liver X receptor (LXR) and the glucose-sensing transcription factor carbohydrate responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP) are central players in regulating glucose and lipid ...

Covariation in species richness and community structure across taxonomical groups (cross‐taxon congruence) has practical consequences for the identification of biodiversity surrogates and proxies, as well as theoretical ...

Lipids generally represent the major matrix contributing to the absorptive capacity for hydrophobic organic contaminants in aquatic ecosystems. The aim of the present study was to determine whether contaminants partition ...

Microbial interactions are crucial for Earth ecosystem function, but our knowledge about them is limited and has so far mainly existed as scattered records. Here, we have surveyed the literature involving planktonic protist ...

Mycologists have always been curious about the elaborate morphotypes and shapes of species of the genus Helvella. The small, black, cupulate Helvella specimens have mostly been assigned to Helvella corium, a broadly defined ...

RAF kinases (ARAF, BRAF, and CRAF) are highly conserved enzymes that trigger the RAF-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 (MAPK) pathway upon activation of RAS. Despite enormous clinical interest, relatively little is known on the role of RAFs ...

Climate change has profound ecological effects, yet our understanding of how trophic interactions among species are affected by climate change is still patchy. The sympatric Atlantic haddock and cod are co‐occurring across ...

The current problem of increasing antibiotic resistance and the resurgence of numerous infections indicate the need for novel vaccination strategies more than ever. In vaccine development, the search for and the selection ...

Fish farming is the most common form of aquaculture. Its production contributes close to 50% of total global fish production, and is estimated to increase to 62% by year 2030. Piscirickettsiosis and francisellosis are two ...

Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are specialized structures of extracellular matrix that are aggregated into mesh-like structures, preferentially ensheathing parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) interneurons. PV+ neurons fire action ...

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly implemented worldwide to maintain and restore depleted populations. However, despite our knowledge on the myriad of positive responses to protection, there are few empirical ...

Proteolytic digestion prior to LC–MS analysis is a key step for the identification of proteins. Digestion of proteins is typically performed with trypsin, but certain proteins or important protein sequence regions might ...