Studies of how intravenously injected nanoparticles (NPs) enter tumours and are taken up by tumour cells have been discussed for more than three decades. Despite this, we still have much to learn about interactions between ...

A wide range of species, including marine mammals, seabirds, birds of prey, fish and bivalves, were investigated for potential population health risks resulting from contemporary (post 2000) mercury (Hg) exposure, using ...

The ubiquitous oceanic copepod Calanus finmarchicus is the major link between primary producers and important fish stocks in the North Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas. Despite over a century of research on growth and ...

Background Consistent individual differences in behaviour, known as animal personalities, have been demonstrated within and across species. In fish, studies applying an animal personality approach have been ...

Resolution of relationships at lower taxonomic levels is crucial for answering many evolutionary questions, and as such, sufficiently varied species representation is vital. This latter goal is not always achievable with ...

Signal detection theory (SDT) has been used to model optimal stimulus discrimination for more than four decades in evolutionary ecology. A popular standard model that maximizes payoff per encounter was recently criticized ...

The intrinsic dynamic nature of chromosomes is emerging as a fundamental component in regulating DNA transcription, replication, and damage-repair among other nuclear functions. With this increased awareness, reinforced ...

porocarps (fruit bodies) are the sexual reproductive stage in the life cycle of many fungi. They are highly nutritious and consequently vulnerable to grazing by birds and small mammals, and invertebrates, and can be infected ...

Abstract In this contribution, we propose fishery driven predator release as the cause for the largest grazing event ever observed in the NE Atlantic. Based on the evolving appreciation of limits to population connectivity, ...

Abstract The membrane lipids diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphatidic acid (PA) are important second messengers that can regulate membrane transport by recruiting proteins to the membrane and by altering biophysical membrane ...

Grid cells are part of a widespread network which supports navigation and spatial memory. Stable grid patterns appear late in development, in concert with extracellular matrix aggregates termed perineuronal nets (PNNs) ...

Abstract For a prey, its best ticket to stay alive is to get early and accurate information on predation risk and so, escape from predation at low cost. Some prey species have evolved the ability to eavesdrop signals ...

Background Outbreaks of infectious diseases generate outbreaks of scientific evidence. In 2016 epidemics of Zika virus emerged, and in 2020, a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ...

We analyse forward prices observed at the Fishpool market, and propose a two-factor continuous-time stochastic process for modelling the time dynamics. The data analysis reveals that the two factors can be assumed to be a ...

Abstract When recording neural activity from extracellular electrodes, both in vivo and in vitro , spike sorting is a required and very important processing step that allows for identification of single neurons’ activity. ...

Background Advances in whole genome sequencing strategies have provided the opportunity for genomic and comparative genomic analysis of a vast variety of organisms. The analysis results are highly dependent on the quality ...

DNA damaging agents, such as ionizing radiation and many chemotherapeutic drugs, are used in cancer treatment to kill cancer cells. However, networks of signaling cascades induced by DNA damage counteract this by leading ...

Research in evolutionary biology is driven by curiosity about the evolution of complex organisms. Their origin and maintenance depend on two conflicting properties ‐ evolvability and robustness. Evolvability is the ability ...

Breast cancer is the most predominant form of cancer in females worldwide. High throughput gene expression analysis has led to classification of breast cancer into distinct molecular subtypes (Parker et al., 2009; Perou ...

In her PhD thesis, Synnøve Smebye Botnen investigated the diversity and community ecology of Arctic fungi, from beforehand a poorly studied group of organisms. Climate change will have major impacts on Arctic ecosystems ...

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous malignancy involving the clonal expansion of myeloid progenitor cells (blasts) in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. Most AML patients are treated with intensive chemotherapy, ...

Incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) can lead to biased divergence time estimates. To explore if and how ILS has influenced the results of a recent worldwide phylogeny of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus), we ...

Background Lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) are promising vehicles for drug delivery. However, since not much was known about cellular toxicity of these nanoparticles in themselves, we have here investigated the ...

Background Recent global changes have led to an increase in distribution of ticks towards higher elevation and latitude in Europe and livestock are at increasing risk of contracting tick-borne diseases, but psychological ...

A key process affecting variation in the recruitment of fish into fisheries is the spatio-temporal overlap between prey and predator (match-mismatch hypothesis, MMH). The Northeast Arctic cod Gadus morhua and its dominant ...

Background Graph-based reference genomes have become popular as they allow read mapping and follow-up analyses in settings where the exact haplotypes underlying a high-throughput sequencing experiment are ...

The acquisition of tolerance to an environmental stressor can result in organisms displaying slower growth after stress release. While well-grounded in the theory, empirical evidence of the trade-off between stress tolerance ...

Abstract Oceanographic conditions in the Arctic are changing, with sea ice cover decreasing and sea temperatures increasing. Our understanding of the effects on marine populations in the area is, however, limited. ...

Yersinia ruckeri causes enteric redmouth disease (ERM) that mainly affects salmonid fishes and leads to significant economic losses in the aquaculture industry. An increasing number of outbreaks and the lack of effective ...

Fossil sequences provide observations of phenotypes within a lineage over time and represent essential data for increasing our understanding of phyletic evolution beyond microevolutionary timescales. I investigate if fossil ...

Understanding the biological processes involved in genetic differentiation and divergence between populations within species is a pivotal aim in evolutionary biology. One particular phenomenon that requires clarification ...

Genomic imprinting regulates parent‐specific transcript dosage during seed development and is mainly confined to the endosperm. Elucidation of the function of many imprinted genes has been hampered by the lack of corresponding ...

Prolonged exposure to bullying behaviors may give rise to symptoms such as anxiety, depression and chronic pain. Earlier data suggest that these symptoms often are associated with stress-induced low-grade systemic inflammation. ...

The food we eat can have a huge environmental impact. Steaks, tomatoes and bread are typically farmed and transported using fossil resources, while nutrients are lost and much of the product is wasted on its way to our ...

Yersinia pestis is transmitted from fleas to rodents when the bacterium develops an extensive biofilm in the foregut of a flea, starving it into a feeding frenzy, or, alternatively, during a brief period directly after ...

The SpyCatcher-SpyTag system was developed seven years ago as a method for protein ligation. It is based on a modified domain from a Streptococcus pyogenes surface protein (SpyCatcher), which recognizes a cognate 13-amino-acid ...

Intraspecific trait variation has large effects on the ecosystem and is greatly affected by human activities. To date, most studies focused on single-trait analyses, while considering multiple traits is expected to better ...

Abstract The great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus) is a social rodent living in permanent, complex burrow systems distributed throughout Central Asia, where it serves as the main host of several important vector-borne ...

Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) is a circulating serine protease implicated in thrombosis, atherosclerosis, stroke, and cancer. Using an overexpression strategy, we have systematically investigated the role of protease ...

GCN2, an amino-acid deprivation sensor is one of the kinases activated during the integrated stress response. Its role in normal as well as in cancer cells during stress induced by starvation has garnered a lot of attention. ...

Thapsigargin (Tg) is a naturally occurring plant compound that potently blocks the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ pump SERCA (sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase). This leads to ER Ca2+ depletion, unresolved ER stress, ...

The mechanism of action of recombinant IgG2/4 antibodies involves blocking of their target without the induction of effector functions. Examples are eculizumab (Soliris®), which is used clinically to block complement factor ...

There are concerns that increasing anthropogenic stressors can cause catastrophic transitions in ecosystems. Such shifts have large social, economic, and ecological consequences and therefore have important management ...

1. Hunting and culling are frequently used to combat infectious wildlife diseases. The aim is to markedly lower population density in order to limit disease transmission or to eradicate the host. Massive host culling can ...

Diel vertical migration (DVM) is normally limited to the upper 1000 m. However, the use of ship-borne and stationary submerged echosounders in the Red Sea unveiled consistent formation of daytime patches extending to ...

Autotransporters, or type 5 secretion systems (T5SS), are widespread surface proteins of Gram-negative bacteria often associated with virulence. Three novel T5dSSs expressed in the fish pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila, the ...

With the increasing imperative for societies to act to curb climate change by increasing carbon stores and sinks, it has become critical to understand how organic carbon is produced, released, transformed, transported, and ...

The recruitment and biomass of a fish stock are influenced by their environmental conditions and anthropogenic pressures such as fishing. The variability in the environment often translates into fluctuations in recruitment, ...

The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) is critically endangered throughout its range. Knowledge about age distribution of future spawners (silver eels) is essential to monitor the status and contribute to the recovery of ...

Lake Steinsfjorden, an important Norwegian location for noble crayfish (Astacus astacus), is often affected by cyanobacterial blooms caused by microcystin (MC)-producing Planktothrix spp. The impact of MCs on noble crayfish ...

Abstract The spatial distribution of fish early life stages can impact recruitment at later stages and affect population size and resilience. Northeast Arctic (NEA) cod spawning occurs along the Norwegian coast. ...

Background and aims – The species delimitations within the prostrate species with condensed inflorescence in Chlorophytum are ambiguous and the taxonomic rank of several of the species involved are disputed. This study ...

Climate change has profound ecological effects, yet our understanding of how trophic interactions among species are affected by climate change is still patchy. The sympatric Atlantic haddock and cod are co‐occurring across ...

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly implemented worldwide to maintain and restore depleted populations. However, despite our knowledge on the myriad of positive responses to protection, there are few empirical ...

Chromatin post‐translational modifications are thought to be important for epigenetic effects on gene expression. Methylation of histone N‐terminal tail lysine residues constitutes one of many such modifications, executed ...

The aim of the present study was to investigate effects of defined mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), at low, environmentally relevant (1× = L), or high (20× = H) ...

The production and fate of seaweed detritus is a major unknown in the global C-budget. Knowing the quantity of detritus produced, the form it takes (size) and its timing of delivery are key to understanding its role as a ...

Killer whales (Orcinus orca) are at risk from high levels of biomagnifying pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and mercury (Hg). Previous toxicological risk assessments for the Norwegian killer whale ...

Covariation in species richness and community structure across taxonomical groups (cross‐taxon congruence) has practical consequences for the identification of biodiversity surrogates and proxies, as well as theoretical ...

Nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) is an RNA processing pathway that helps maintain the quality of gene expression. It is best known as a surveillance system that detects aberrant mRNA molecules that result from mutations leading ...

The endogenous cellular machinery mediates the fine-tuned regulatory mechanisms over the endosomal pathway. The fidelity of the process comes from the means of Rabs, SNAREs, SM-proteins, and tethering complexes, mediating ...

Fish farming is the most common form of aquaculture. Its production contributes close to 50% of total global fish production, and is estimated to increase to 62% by year 2030. Piscirickettsiosis and francisellosis are two ...

Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are specialized structures of extracellular matrix that are aggregated into mesh-like structures, preferentially ensheathing parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) interneurons. PV+ neurons fire action ...

1. Evidence‐based management of natural populations under strong human influence frequently requires not only estimates of survival but also knowledge about how much mortality is due to anthropogenic vs. natural causes. ...

The survival of fish eggs and larvae, and therefore recruitment success, can be critically affected by transport in ocean currents. Combining a model of early‐life stage dispersal with statistical stock–recruitment models, ...

Lipids generally represent the major matrix contributing to the absorptive capacity for hydrophobic organic contaminants in aquatic ecosystems. The aim of the present study was to determine whether contaminants partition ...

Primates inhabiting human‐modified landscapes often exploit matrix habitat to supplement their diet with cultivated foods, at times resulting in economic losses and conflict with local people. Understanding human‐nonhuman ...

Bacillus anthracis , the causative agent of anthrax, is a considerable global health threat affecting wildlife, livestock, and the general public. In this study, whole‐genome sequence analysis of over 350 B. anthracis ...

Microbial interactions are crucial for Earth ecosystem function, but our knowledge about them is limited and has so far mainly existed as scattered records. Here, we have surveyed the literature involving planktonic protist ...

Mycologists have always been curious about the elaborate morphotypes and shapes of species of the genus Helvella. The small, black, cupulate Helvella specimens have mostly been assigned to Helvella corium, a broadly defined ...

RAF kinases (ARAF, BRAF, and CRAF) are highly conserved enzymes that trigger the RAF-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 (MAPK) pathway upon activation of RAS. Despite enormous clinical interest, relatively little is known on the role of RAFs ...

Proteolytic digestion prior to LC–MS analysis is a key step for the identification of proteins. Digestion of proteins is typically performed with trypsin, but certain proteins or important protein sequence regions might ...

The current problem of increasing antibiotic resistance and the resurgence of numerous infections indicate the need for novel vaccination strategies more than ever. In vaccine development, the search for and the selection ...

In this study we have compiled a long-term monitoring dataset from the inner Oslofjorden and supplemented it with short-term research data from the same station. Using generalized additive models analysing the data from ...

Epidemiological studies have found strong associations between air pollution and respiratory effects including development and/or exacerbation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as well as increased ...

Sustainable production of biofuels from lignocellulose feedstocks depends on cheap enzymes for degradation of such biomass. Plants offer a safe and cost‐effective production platform for biopharmaceuticals, vaccines and ...

Global economic value of agriculture production resulting from animal pollination services has been estimated to be $235–$577 billion. This estimate is based on quantification of crops that are available at the global ...

Targeting the DNA damage response to selectively kill cancer cells is a topic of great interest in the field of cancer research. Inhibitors of the cell cycle checkpoint kinases WEE1, CHK1 and ATR have been developed, and ...

The cholesterol-sensing nuclear receptor liver X receptor (LXR) and the glucose-sensing transcription factor carbohydrate responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP) are central players in regulating glucose and lipid ...

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by cells upon fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the plasma membrane (PM). Various aspects concerning the molecular mechanisms involved in exosome biogenesis and ...

Adaptive radiation is the diversification of species to different ecological niches and has repeatedly occurred in different salmonid fish of postglacial lakes. In Lake Tinnsjøen, one of the largest and deepest lakes in ...

Understanding how populations are structured in space and time is a central question in evolutionary biology. Parasites and their hosts are assumed to evolve together, however, detailed understanding of mechanisms leading ...

The epi- and mesopelagic ecosystems of four sub-polar ocean basins, the Labrador, Irminger, Iceland and Norwegian seas, were surveyed during two legs from Bergen, Norway, to Nuuk, Greenland, and back to Bergen. The survey ...

Long-term data from marked animals provide a wealth of opportunities for studies with high relevance to both basic ecological understanding and successful management in a changing world. The key strength of such data is ...

All multicellular organisms host microbial communities in and on their bodies, and these microbiomes can have major influences on host biology. Most research has focussed on the oral, skin, and gut microbiomes, whereas ...

Many boreal lakes are experiencing an increase in concentrations of terrestrially derived dissolved organic matter (DOM)—a process commonly labeled “browning.” Browning affects microbial and photochemical mineralization ...

Genetic and genomic architectures of traits under selection are key factors influencing evolutionary responses. Yet, knowledge of their impacts has been limited by a widespread assumption that most traits are controlled ...

1. Due to globalisation, trade and transport, the spread of alien species is increasing dramatically. Some alien species become ecologically harmful by threatening native biota. This can lead to irreversible changes in ...

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are persistent man-made chemicals, ubiquitous in nature and present in human samples. Although restrictions are being introduced, they are still used in industrial processes as well as in ...