The major virulence factor of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is the heat-labile enterotoxin (LT), an AB5 toxin closely related to the cholera toxin. LT consists of six subunits, the catalytically active A-subunit and ...

The genus Cochlearia, together with its sister genus Ionopsidium Rchb., forms the tribe Cochlearieae, a rather small tribe which comprises about 30 taxa, which either x=6 or x=7 basic chromosome number. The x=6 series forms ...

Background Advances in sequencing technologies and bioinformatics have made the analysis of microbial communities almost routine. Nonetheless, the need remains to improve on the techniques used for gathering ...

Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorbs a substantial fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in boreal lakes. However, few studies have systematically estimated how this light absorption influences ...

The last few years have seen the arrival of new effective cancer therapies which is directed at the immune system rather than the cancer cells directly. One type of cancer immunotherapies is the so-called checkpoint ...

Theoretical models suggest that sympatric speciation along environmental gradients might be common in nature. Here we present the first data-based model of evolutionary diversification along a continuous environmental ...

LIM-domain proteins, containing multiple cysteine-rich zinc finger-like motifs, have been shown to play diverse roles in several cellular processes. A common theme is that they mediate important protein-protein interactions ...

In migratory birds, mistimed arrival might have negative consequences for individual fitness, causing population declines. This may happen if arrival time is not synchronized with breeding time, especially when earlier ...