Heavy quarks, i.e. charm and beauty, are sensitive probes of the medium produced in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. They are produced in the early stage of the collision, mainly in hard partonic scattering processes, and ...

Event-by-event fluctuations of conserved charges – such as electric charge, strangeness, and baryon number – in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions provide insight into the properties of the quark-gluon plasma and the ...