Tradable pollution permits are celebrated as a political instrument since they allow (i) firms to equalize marginal abatement costs through trade and (ii) they government to distribute the burden of the policy in a politically ...

CO2 capture and storage (CCS) in geological structures and its possible risks have been topics of extensive study in recent years. In contrast, the legal and regulatory structures necessary to support widespread capture ...

The tourism sector will be particularly affected by climate change, but there have been few studies specifying the impacts of climate change on tourism for a certain country. This paper considers the impacts of climate ...

Carbon leakage is an important concern because it can reduce the environmental effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol. The Clean Development Mechanism, one of the flexibility mechanisms allowed under the protocol, has the ...

By the end of 2006, Norway will need to decide whether to seek credits for 3.4 activities under the Kyoto Protocol, of which Cropland Management is one option. Electing cropland management as an Article 3.4 activity requires ...

Carbon leakage is an important issue because it can reduce the environmental effectiveness of international climate agreements. Under the Kyoto Protocol, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) can potentially reduce carbon ...

This paper charts the rise, fall and potential resurrection of the civilian nuclear power industry over the past fifty years in the UK. The role of actors, interests, institutions and ideas are explored using Baumgartner ...

The report identifies the major obstacles to U.S. participation in an international treaty to control greenhouse gas emissions, and suggests some possible strategies for reengaging the United States. It proceeds as follows: ...

Ian Castles and David Henderson have criticized IPCC s Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) (IPCC, 2000) for using market exchange rates (MER) instead of purchasing power parities (PPP) when converting regional GDP ...

Incorporating ozone precursors and particle emissions in future climate policy agreements could improve the level of cost-effectiveness, but would also add complexity and complications to negotiation, reporting and ...

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)’s Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES, IPCC, 2000) has been a matter of debate since Ian Castles and David Henderson claimed that the scenarios were based on ...

The Global Warming Potential (GWP) is used within the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change as a metric for weighting the climatic impact of emissions of different greenhouse gases. ...

This paper looks at how strategic considerations may play a role in the decision of whether or not to impose sanctions on Parties who are not in compliance with their commitments to the Kyoto Protocol. A member of the ...

This paper is an effort to investigate the approach to sustainable urban road transport in Chinese mega cities with an emphasis on policy and institutional perspectives. The study links the major “unsustainabilities” of ...

Hvilke posisjoner har norske industrikommuner i den politiske prosessen rundt reguleringer av utslipp av klimagasser fra industrien og hvilke strategier anvender de for å vinne fram? Dette spørsmålet blir belyst gjennom ...

This paper describes the severe situation of vehicular emission pollution in Beijing, and discusses the following mitigation strategies: improving fuel quality, controlling the exhaust from new vehicles, controlling the ...

This article reviews basic insights about compliance and “hard” enforcement that can be derived from various non-cooperative equilibrium concepts, and evaluates the Marrakesh Accords in light of these insights. Five different ...

There are considerable differences between developed countries as to how difficult it will be to meet their commitments under the Kyoto Protocol. ‘High-cost abatement countries’ are particularly interesting as they can be ...

Inventories of emissions and removals of greenhouse gases will be used under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and under the Kyoto protocol to demonstrate compliance with obligations. During the ...

What levels of total abatement can one hope for in a global climate agreement? Some potential answers to this question are provided by game theory. This working paper contains a critical discussion of two (prominent) game ...

This paper reviews policies for the control of mobile source pollution and their potential application in China. The first section of the paper reviews the U.S. experience with mobile source pollution control since regulations ...

This paper presents an overview of urban road transport development and challenges in energy consumption in China. It relates sustainable urban road transport development with energy consumption and environmental management. ...

Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is likely to leave Russa and other Eastern European countries with market power in the market for emission permits. Ceteris paribus, this will raise the permit price above the competitive ...

Formålet med denne rapporten er å utrede fordeler og ulemper ved frivillig tilknytning til et kvotesystem for klimagasser på bedriftsnivå, og fordeler og ulemper knyttet til ulike allokeringsmekanismer for klimagasskvoter ...

Notatet presenterer noen av bidragene fra økonomisk litteratur når det gjelder håndtering av klimaproblemet, og viser at Kyotoprotokollen på en rekke vesentlige punkter avviker fra anbefalinger basert økonomisk teori. ...

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), as defined in the Kyoto Protocol, has two objectives: to promote sustainable development in host developing countries, and to improve global cost-effectiveness by assisting developed ...

Notatet spør om føre var-prinsippet kan betraktes som et rasjonelt beslutningskriterium. Forfatteren fokuserer på i alt seks uavklarte spørsmål: 1. Representerer prinsippet et bestemt sett av politiske handlingsalternativer, ...

In this paper I try to clarify the background and arguments behind the EU position on emissions trading in negotiating the Kyoto Protocol and their suggestions of how the supplementarity cap in the Kyoto agreement can be ...

The purpose of this paper is to illuminate potential problems with the flexibility mechanism in the Kyoto Protocol connected to the establishment of an enforcement system. The Kyoto mechanisms are emission trading, Joint ...

While there is a vast literature both on international bargaining and on how international agreements can be enforced, very little work has been done on how bargaining and enforcement interact. An important exception is ...

This paper discusses the climate history of the Earth, exploring some of the driving forces of climate change along the way. It points out that it may not be the gradual increase in global mean temperature that we have to ...

FNs klimapanel (IPCC) ferdigstilte i 2001 sin tredje hovedrapport. En sentral konklusjon er at vi kan vente fortsatte klimaendringer de nærmeste tiårene selv hvis det gjøres en betydelig innsats for å begrense utslippene ...

There is a concern in many countries that a domestic tradable quota system for greenhouse gases, where all emitters must pay for their quotas, may lead to closures of emissions-intensive industrial companies. Allocating ...

American president George W. Bush has declared that he will not ask the Senate to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. This commentary explores the potential impact of implementing the Kyoto Protocol without the participation of the ...

This article describes the state of the automobile industry and urban road transportation management in China. It reviews how the automobile industry is evolving to respond to challenges in economic development, environmental ...

This report has been commissioned by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development and written in August 2001. The aim of the report is to present and analyze the newest developments in the climate negotiations, ...

To find an optimal climate policy we must balance abatement of different greenhouse gases. There is substantial uncertainty about future damages from climate change, but we will learn more over the next few decades. Gases ...

The aim of the report is to give an overview of the state of climate research and international climate policy negotiations until May 2001. The report presents a collection of factual information based on reports from the ...

With the principle of comprehensiveness embedded in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (Art. 3), a multi-gas abatement strategy with emphasis also on non-CO2 greenhouse gases as targets for reduction and control ...

This report has been commissioned by Norsk Hydro ASA and written in November-December 2001. The aim of the report is to present and analyze the newest developments in the climate negotiations, particularly the seventh ...

Prior to the resumed climate negotiations in Bonn in July this year, it was thought that an agreement on the unresolved crunch issues of the Kyoto Protocol was unrealistic. This was primarily due to the US withdrawal from ...

Denne rapporten oppsummerer et seminar arrangert av CICERO Senter for klimaforskning om ”Virkninger av klimaendringer”. Seminaret fant sted på Håndverkeren i Oslo, 30.- 31. oktober 2000. Bakgrunnen for seminaret er et ...

Mens bruken av avgifter som virkemiddel i klimapolitikken overfor næringslivet har hatt motvind i Norge de siste årene, har flere europeiske land siden begynnelsen av 90-tallet vist stigende interesse for å skattlegge ...

Den tredje arbeidsgruppen i FNs klimapanel (IPCC) fikk i 1996 oppgaven med å utvikle en spesialrapport om utslippsscenarier (Special Report on Emission Scenarios, SRES). Utslippsscenarier er beskrivelser av hvordan man ...

Since the mid-1980s, long-lead climate forecasts have been developed and used to predict the onset of El Niño events and their impact on climate variability. Advances in the observational and theoretical understanding of ...

The paper addresses the widespread pattern of exempting heavily polluting industries from greenhouse gas emission taxes. Two groups of explanations of exemptions are outlined. The first group focuses on the economic ...

The paper gives a brief description of natural and man-made forces behind climate change and outlines climate variations in the past together with a brief synopsis likely future impacts of anthropogenic emissions of ...

Klimaproblemet er en stor politisk og vitenskapelig utfordring av flere grunner: 1. Det er stor usikkerhet knyttet til flere sider av klimaproblemet, så som framtidige utslipp av klimagasser, klimasystemets respons på ...

This report summarizes four country studies that were undertaken as part of the UNEP "Country Case Studies on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptations Assessment." These studies, carried out in Antigua and Barbuda, Cameroon, ...

The consequences of the Kyoto Protocol for the fossil fuel markets depend on which policy instruments that are used in order to reach the emission targets. This paper uses a numerical model to assess the significance of ...

This paper is part of the joint CICERO and Fridtjof Nansen Institute (FNI) project “Towards a cost-effective climate policy: The international framework and Norwegian policy framework” (“Mot en effektiv klimapolitikk: ...

Taxation as an instrument for environmental policy (green taxes) has been a topic of heated debate in Norway for almost 30 years. The subject of environmental taxes has time after time inflamed both policymakers and scholars ...

This paper discusses the possible economic consequences of a change in the tuna fisheries in the Pacific Ocean resulting from climate change. On the background of Lehodey's (2000) study of potential changes in the tuna ...

Working papers from the Center for International Climate and Environmental Research in Oslo.

The EC has been hoping to play an environmental leadership role in the global climate negotiations and has been proposing comparatively stringent climate targets for the OECD countries. But especially the United States and ...

The agriculture sector dominates the economies of most sub-Saharan countries, contributing about one-third of the region’s GDP, accounting for forty percent of the export, and employing about two-thirds of the economically ...

Hensikten med publikasjonen er å gi et en sammenfatning av spørsmål knyttet til tiltak i skogbruket for å motvirke globale klimaendringer. Hovedvekt er lagt på skogtiltak i klimaforhandlingene og teknisk karbonbindingspotensial. ...

Denne rapporten behandler problemstillinger relatert til et norsk kvotemarked som er koplet til et internasjonalt kvotemarked under Kyotoprotokollen. Dette betyr ikke at vi tar det for gitt at Kyotoprotokollen noen gang ...

This report is a part of a study of the potential for the EU to take on leadership in the climate negotiations. The aim of this part is to sort out factors that may explain the different economic interests in cutting ...

Denne rapporten beskriver utviklingen i forurensende utslipp til luft fra oljeindustrien i Norge sammenlignet bidraget fra andre sektorer. Viktige tiltak som har bidratt til en reduksjon i utslippene per produsert enhet ...

Voluntary agreements between an industry or a company and the government to regulate various environmental impacts is a popular policy tool in many OECD countries. Since the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol to the United ...

The aim of this report is to contribute to exploring the potential of differentiation methods for national greenhouse gas reduction targets. Such methods can also be referred to as burden sharing methods or schemes. As a ...

Viktige ozonnedbrytende stoffer som KFK-11 og KFK-12 er sterke drivhusgasser med direkte oppvarmingseffekt. Men fordi disse gassene bryter ned ozonlaget, har de også flere indirekte effekter som sannsynligvis virker ...

Stortinget ønsker et norsk marked for omsettelige utslippskvoter for klimagasser og et offentlig utvalg (Kvoteutvalget) utreder mulighetene for å etablere et marked. Et vanskelig tema er gratiskvoter som virkemiddel for å ...

The Kyoto Protocol must be the starting point for the choice of domestic climate policy instruments. It is so far uncertain whether the required number of Parties will ratify the Protocol for the Protocol to enter into ...

This paper discusses the importance of institutional barriers in promoting reforestation as a means of mitigating global climate change. It is argued that cost-effective implementation of reforestation depends on proper ...

Reports from the Center for International Climate and Environmental Research in Oslo.

Policy notes from the Center for International Climate and Environmental Research in Oslo (CICERO).

Denne rapporten vurderer konsekvensene av Kyoto-protokollen for prosjekter om såkalt felles gjennomføring (FG, på engelsk: Joint Implementation – JI). Dette er prosjekter der aktører fra ett land finansierer tiltak som gir ...