Background: The risk of miscarriage is approximately 15 % of clinically recognized pregnancies, most of them appearing in first trimester. Miscarriage is known to be a distressing event in a woman s life. Hence, it would ...

Abstract: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine and metabolic disorder, and a major cause of infertility in women. An excessive amount of androgen hormones are produced by polycystic ovaries in PCOS with ...

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy specific disease, defined by a new onset of hypertension and proteinuria. It affects up to 4% of all pregnancies, and untreated it can develop to eclampsia. It may also be the cause of intrauterine ...

Background: The increasing caesarean section (CS) rates have been an issue in both developed and developing countries, but what is of concern is the fact that the growing CS rates in some countries of Latin America are ...

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), or fetal growth restriction (FGR), is a serious complication of human pregnancy. IUGR is conceptualized as a fetus failing to achieve its genetically pre-determined growth potential, ...

Cesarean section (CS) is a surgical procedure used to deliver one or more babies. CS is usually performed when vaginal delivery will put the mother or child’s health or life at risk. In recent years, the number of CS has ...

Background: Birth weight is a powerful predictor of infant growth and survival and is dependent on maternal health and nutrition during pregnancy. Objectives: The overall objective of this study was to investigate the ...

There is an international trend of primipara of advanced maternal age. Norway is no exception. The average maternal age for primipara in the early 1980’s was 24, 7 years, and increased to 29, 8 years in 2010. It is known ...

OBJEKTIVE: To analyze changing trends of cesarean section (CS) birth rates in Norway during an 8-year period (2003-2010) using the Robson Ten Group Classification System. DESIGN: Register study SETTING: Medical Birth ...

With the improved survival rates after cancer, an increasing number of young girls and women may experience one of the side effects of the treatment that saved their lives: infertility or premature ovarian failure. Different ...

Although India is a prosperous country in many ways the health system is still facing great challenges. When it comes to antenatal care India can be compared to other developing countries. In 2002 the WHO developed new ...

Mål: Utføre ein intern kvalitetssikringsstudie for perioden 2004-2010 ved fødeavdelinga Rikshospitalet (RH), med tanke på fosterasfyksi og fosterovervaking under fødsel. Utvikling av fosterasfyksi er ein frykta komplikasjon ...

I Argentina er abort ulovlig og kan straffes med opp til fire års fengsel for kvinnen og helsearbeiderne som utfører aborten. De eneste unntakene fra den nåværende loven er tilfeller der den gravide kvinnens liv eller helse ...

Sammendrag: Vårt mål har vært å kartlegge forekomsten av metabolsk syndrom hos norske kvinner med PCOS og Sør- asiatiske invandrer kvinner bosatt i Norge. Studiet vårt bestod av totalt 256 kvinner med PCOS, av disse: 205 ...

At the UN summit meeting in 2000, 189 countries made a commitment of a broad set of health and development goals with defined targets to be achieved by 2015. In our thesis we have focused on one of these Millennium development ...

Vårt mål har vært å kartlegge forekomsten av metabolsk syndrom hos norske kvinner med PCOS og sør-asiatiske innvandrer kvinner bosatt i Norge. Studiet vårt bestod av totalt 256 kvinner med PCOS, av disse:2005 norske kvinner ...

Background: Cesarean section (CS) is a procedure that can be life saving in many cases. In several developing countries the procedure is scarcely performed, while it is overly performed in many high- and middle-income ...

Abstract Background Previously, diabetes was a contraindication to pregnancy, and few live children were born and raised by mothers with diabetes. The current situation is much different, and women with diabetes are no ...

Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is an important cause of brain injury in the newborn. It may lead to a variety of different long-term neurological sequelaes; from mild behavioral deficits to severe compromise ...

Background Hypertensive diseases of pregnancy are considered to be common causes of maternal deaths world wide [1]. Almost all of these deaths (99%) occurred in developing countries [3]. Most maternal deaths could be ...

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus type II and gestational diabetes have increased in Norway. We will overview the possible causes of gestational diabetes and diabetes mellitus type II and the treatment for diabetes in ...

Background: Norway is known to have high rates of breastfeeding, and the majority of mothers breastfeed their infants. However, many mothers experience problems breastfeeding, and far from every mother breastfeed exclusively ...

Endometriosis is a chronic disease with endometrial-like tissue located outside the uterus, resulting in inflammation, pelvic pain and infertility. Laparoscopic exploration is the only accurate diagnostic aid for disease ...

Objective: To review risk factors for obstetric anal sphincter rupture (OASR) and possible preventive strategies as well as clinical outcomes by means of a selected literature review. Material and Methods: I have based ...

Bakgrunn. Forskning på sirkulerende angiogenetiske faktorer har de siste årene vist lovende resultater for å predikere preeklampsi. Vi ønsket å beskrive rollen til angiogenetiske faktorer i selve utviklingen av preeklampsi, ...

Abstract The birth control pills are medications that prevent pregnancy, they contain a combination of the hormones estrogen and progestin and are also named the combined oral contraceptives (COC). When the birth control ...

Abstract Background: Medical abortion has through the last years been the most common method for termination of pregnancy before the 12th week, but there are no existing statistics about the number of women who do the ...

Abstract Background: Oral contraceptives are the most widely used hormonal contraceptive among young Norwegian women, yet the younger age groups demonstrate high rates of unplanned pregnancies and induced abortions. The ...

Background: Gynecological examination comprises an important part of general practitioners every day practice, since most women undergo gynecological examinations several times in their lifetime. It is therefore of great ...

Abstract: Background: Our current abortion law, securing women unconditional legal rights to have an induced abortion within the first 12 weeks of pregnany, was passed in 1978. Now there are aproximately 14.500 induced ...

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women and affect 6-14% of women in reproductive age. The main feature of PCOS is polycystic ovaries producing an excessive amount of androgen ...

Endometriosis is a common gynaecological condition that affects up to 10% of women of reproductive age. The goal of this paper is to review disease mechanisms, how endometriosis may affect fertility as well as how to treat ...

Abstract Background The lifetime risk of dying from pregnancy or birth related complications are about 245 times higher for women from the Sub Sahara region of Africa as compared to women from Norway. One of the UN’s ...

Introduction Untreated STIs may have serious complications. Knowledge of STIs is important in order to prevent this, and to promote care seeking and treatment. Previous studies have found knowledge to be associated with ...

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study was to examine the prevalence of spontaneous abortion in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) compared with patients with tubal factor infertility. We also wanted to test the ...

Premature ovarian failure in young females due to cancer therapy; challenges and options in terms of fertility preservation. Anne Lill Høeg and Kristian Wennevold Abstract: Background: It has become more and more important ...

Objective: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) has a strong negative influence on pregnancy outcome, and identifying this is of great importance in antenatal care. Serial measurement of fundal height is widely used as a screening ...

Abstract Background: As reflected in the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (UN MDG 5), reducing maternal mortality represents an important area of concern. The common causes of maternal deaths may be preventable ...

Preeclampsia is a maternal syndrome characterized by new onset hypertension and proteinuria in pregnancy. The pathogenesis in preeclampsia is still not fully understood. The leading hypotheses suggest that one or several ...

Objective: The maternal age at child birth is increasing. If induced abortion is an important means of postponing childbirth in a population, it is to be expected that in young women the rate of conceived pregnancies is ...

Abstract The Group B Streptococcus is still the leading cause of infections in newborns. There is effective treatment available, but no global consensus exists on how to reach those women who will benefit from intrapartum ...

We assessed maternal serum levels of total immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the first, second and third trimester and changes in total IgE levels from first to third trimester in relation to offspring sex. Within a cohort of ...

ABSTRACT This thesis is a combined observational study of antenatal- and delivery care provided by the Methodist Rural Public Health Program (MRPHP), and a retrospective study of delivery complications that occurred during ...

ABSTRACT Background. Bacterial vaginosis is a clinical entity characterized by offensive vaginal discharge caused by a disturbance of the normal vaginal bacterial flora. The hydrogen peroxidase producing lactobacilli are ...

Abstract Background: In the United Republic of Tanzania the mortality rate among children under 5 years old is 118 per 1000 live births. The infant mortality rate is 74 per 1000 live births. 19.3 % of the children suffer ...

Abstract Objective: The aim of this review was to examine the possibly increased risk of cesarean section or instrumental delivery when epidural analgesia was given to nulliparous women in spontaneous labor at term. ...

Background The first elective hysterectomy was performed in 1813 by Conrad Langenback and was done by vaginal approach. Subtotal hysterectomy was the method of choice before antibiotics was discovered because of the lessened ...

Background: Many women need some kind of pain relief during labor. The aim of this study was to investigate whether acupuncture has an effect on pain management in labor. Methods: I searched the Cochrane Central Register ...

Abstract: Anaemia in women seeking sterilization in Mursan, India. Ragnhild F. Skagseth and May-Liss Hatleskog. Faculty of medicine, University of Oslo, autumn 2008. Background: Anaemia is a huge medical problem in the ...

Background Methodist Public Health Centre provides healthcare in the rural community of Mursan in the state of Uttar Pradesh, northern India. This paper reviews observations from the daily work at the clinic in January ...

II. ABSTRACT Female surgical sterilization at a sterilization camp in Mursan, Uttar Pradesh, India. Hasina Moaddab, Somyeh Sajadian Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, spring 2008. BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic fallopian ...

Endometriose defineres i korte trekk som endometrievev utenfor livmorhulen. Det er en vanlig, kronisk sykdom som hovedsaklig forårsaker smertesymptomer som dysmenoré, dyspareuni og ikke-menstruelle smerter. Men endometriose ...

ABSTRACT Background: More than 2/3 of all people living with HIV live in the sub-Saharan countries. The majority of these people are women and there is an estimate of 12.2 million women of childbearing age being infected ...

PCOS is the most common reason to anovulatory infertility, and previous observations suggest that the fertility in these women increases when ageing. We wanted to investigate whether PCOS women have an increased age related ...

Objective: To investigate the relationship between episiotomy and the occurrence of sphincter injury in births at a Norwegian University Hospital, 2000-2007. Study design: Prospective epidemiologic study. Subjects: Our ...

Abstract Background. We visited Harare, Zimbabwe in the summer of 2005 to do research for this project. Our aim was to learn about the HIV-epidemic in one of the worst affected countries in the world, and more specific ...

Abstract In the year of 2000 the so-called”morning-after pill” became nonprescriptive in Norway. The consequent increase in consumption of emergency contraception has called forth a discussion on the adequacy of present ...

English summary. Current advances in the treatment of malignant diseases by chemotherapy and radiotherapy are saving an increasing numbers of lives. However, cancer treatment can cause changes in sex hormone production, ...

1. Abstract Background The frequency of stillbirth and low birth weight in India is far higher than in Western countries. Lower quality of maternity care and greater morbidity among pregnant women are considered important ...

Background; Our study was carried out during a three month period starting December 2005. Our main objectives was to explore the level of acceptance of voluntary counselling and testing for HIV, and knowledge on HIV and ...

Population growth is a big challenge for India, and family planning is highly prioritized by the Government of India. Sterilization is the most common voluntary contraceptive method in India and has for many years been ...

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to find out how guidelines for management of twin pregnancy and delivery have changed over the past century. It was also in our concern to look into the scientific basis of these ...

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the prevalence of C. trachomatis infections in the pharynx of patients attending a clinic for sexually transmitted infections, and determine whether orogenital ...

Background. We wanted to study the growth of a population of children in Moshi, Tanzania, to see how they were developing. We also wanted to study how they were growing compared to Norwegian children. Our approach to this ...

This thesis is an observation study of the work at a Norwegian Primary Health Care Center localized in a village in India. The health care work is organized by The Methodist Church of Norway but the main fiancial contributor ...

ABSTRACT GDM is one of the most controversial issues in fetal maternal medicine. The incidence and prevalence is increasing worldwide. Because of changing and sometimes conflicting recommendations regarding screening, ...

Abstract The Norwegian society has become multicultural, and during the last decades the immigrant population in Norway has grown. Immigrants constitute today about 25% of the population in Oslo, and about 80% of the ...

Abstract Background; Our study was performed in Moshi, Tanzania in November 2005. Our aim was to find the prevalence of anaemia in pregnant women and their children, etiological factors and consequences as parity, HIV-infection ...

Background: This study aimed to look for patterns of infections in children born of HIV positive versus negative mothers in Moshi, Tanzania. Methodology: In the study, 109 women and children were included. 82 were HIV ...

Objective: To evaluate the contemporary usefulness of amniotic alfa-fetoprotein (AFP) measurements in the prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects (NTDs). Methods: Two retrospective studies were performed. In Part I we ...

Early skin-to-skin contact between mother and child even after elective caeserean section. We have considered the advantages of early skin to skin contact between mother and child, in particular in relation to breastfeeding ...

Background: Preeclampsia is still the main cause of fetal and maternal morbidity and mortality. During the past decades, numerous clinical reports and trials have described various methods to prevent or reduce the incidents ...

Objective: Finding prognostic factors for survival and optimal treatment in patients with brain metastasis from gynecological cancer. Methods: A retrospective study of patients treated with radiotherapy against CNS metastasis. ...

The antenatal care program is the largest preventive health care program in Norway. There are approximately 720 000 visits annually, including 60 000 women. The antenatal care model currently in use in Norway is based on ...

Background: We were two medical students who went to Moshi, Tanzania, in the Kilimanjaro region the Summer 2002 to study the maternity health care system. During eight weeks we were collecting data from two primary health ...

Due to modern cancer therapy, long term survival rates for some childhood cancers and for cancers in young women have become remarkably high. Sadly, this necessary cancer therapy often leaves the survivors infertile. Men ...

The time following childbirth has long been recognised as a period with high risk of depression. We have focused on non-psychotic postpartum depression. A Norwegian research from 2002 found that the prevalence of depression ...

Our main subject with this study was to observe and evaluate how the health clinics in Tanzania follow the national guidelines for antenatal care. During a 6 week period in the summer of 2003 we visited four antenatal ...

This study aims to look into the level of awareness and knowledge on STI’s (HIV in particular), risk-perception and protective behaviour, and disclosure of HIV test results, in a community severely hit by the HIV-epidemic. ...

The idea of this web page is to give information about central topics of pregnancy and labour in an easy, understandable way. Being pregnant and giving birth to a child is an amazing experience. It is commom to have many ...

Background: There are few studies on the subject of drug use during pregnancy over the last decades. The aim of this study was to examine the self-reported prevalence of drug use among pregnant women in Oslo, which type ...

Background: There were 61074 deliveries in Akershus county, Norway (1993-2002). The perinatal audit investigated 221 antepartum, 19 intrapartum and 113 neonatal deaths. Objective: The purpose of this study was to find ...

Lower genital tract infection amongst a selection of female sex workers in Oslo. Objective: To determine the prevalence of lower genital tract infection and genital complains among a selection of female sex workers in Oslo. ...

Teleaid –a new way of cooperation. An observation study with evaluation of a pilot project between Methodist Public Health Centre Mursan, India and Kvinneklinikken, Rikshospitalet. Background: In September 2003 a pilot ...

Background: Hysterectomy is the most common major gynaecological intervention in perimenopausal women. When should a concomitant salpingo-oophorectomy be performed at an elective procedure? Material and methods: The ...

The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge on mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) of HIV, describe what advice pregnant women receive concerning these issues and investigate breastfeeding practises and infant feeding ...

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the rate of miscarriage and other outcomes in pregnant women presenting with vaginal bleeding during 1. trimester. To evaluate maternal age, prior spontaneous abortion and prior induced abortion as ...

Electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) is performed to decrease perinatal morbidity and mortality and to avoid unnecessary operative deliveries. Delivery is a process where lack of oxygen and acidosis is part of the normal ...

Infertility and assisted reproductive technology (ART) - with emphasis on In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF). A literary study reviewing the epidemiology, pathology, investigation and treatment (with complications) of both male ...

We have chosen The HIV/AIDS- epidemic in SSA what are the consequences for antenatal care? as our approach. We have looked upon the present situation of the HIV/AIDS- epidemic, the present use and availability of ...

ABSTRACT Background: Between 34 and 46 million people are today infected with HIV. The majority of these are living in Sub-Saharan Africa. In 2003 almost 1 million children were infected,predominantly from their mother ...

Background: To investigate whether the incidence of macrosomic fetuses, i.e. newborn with high birthweight, is increasing in Norway and other Nordic countries. Materials and methods: The data were obtained from the Medical ...

Objective: Review of one case of Asherman`s syndrome and evaluation of diagnosis and treatment. Design: Case report and literature review. Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ulleval University Hospital, O ...

AP denotes detachment of a normally implanted placenta before the infant is delivered. The incidence rate is about 1% of all pregnancies and the recurrence rate in Scandinavia is found to be about 4%. AP is associated ...

Pre-eclampsia is a multisystem disorder that usually manifests clinically as hypertension and proteinuria. It is a disease exclusive to pregnancy, and remains a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. ...