Newly synthesised proteins are therefore subjected to a strict control machinery in the ER lumen where different chaperones facilitate folding during and after translocation. If the folding process is incomplete, misfolded ...

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are fatal, neurodegenerative diseases in human and animals, caused by prion protein (PrP). The functions of PrP and the basis of these diseases are still under debate. In ...

Chemokines are small, secreted proteins (5-15 kDa) that mediate leukocyte transmigration and can be secreted from endothelial cells in a constitutive or regulated manner. Regulated secretion shortens the response time to ...

The major histocompatibility (MHC) class II molecules present peptides to the T cell receptor on CD4+ lymphocytes. The diversity of the epitopes presented depends critically on the processing of the ingested antigens, and ...

A highly conserved RNA-motif, called stem-loop-2-motif (s2m), has been identified in the 3' end of the genomes of viruses belonging to different RNA virus families which infect a broad range of animal species. Currently, ...

Bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and proteins produced by bacteria. The two-peptide (class-IIb) bacteriocins consist of two different peptides and optimal antimicrobial activity requires ...

Certain species of lactic acid bacteria produce and secrete bacteriocins, which are ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides. These peptides recognize and kill target cells by rendering their membrane permeable for ...